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AM-6-1887-sloan-chance-hand-gear-cutter.html>

13-13-13  -13-13-13-***

 ASci-merican--1896. was red



   
1886 Eberheart Improved Automatic Gear Cutting machine, Yes I have two.An big one and a smaller one. 
   

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Durea 1896 text

 440 Scientifit wavicatt. [DECEMBER 19, 1896. 
THE PERFECTED DURYEA CARRIAGE. Motor carriages are now occupying great attention both in Europe and America, and we may look for ex-cellent results as the consequence of this interest. In-ventors, in this country at least, have been heavily handicapped by lack of funds to carry out the expen-sive experiments which are requisite to the perfecting of the carriage. In England there appears to be now no lack of capital, but a sad lack of practical carriages. We have already illustrated the principal carriages of domestic origin and we now present an engraving of the Duryea motor wagon, which made an exceedingly creditable run in the recent inaugural trip from London to Brighton on November 14. The Duryea carriage won the first prize in the Times-Herald race in 1895 and also the prize in the Cosmopolitan race on Decoration Day, 1896. The run to Brighton was not a race, but a " go-as-you-please " run, still the time was taken, and once started the vehicles tried to pass one another, so that it was virtually a race in spite of all efforts to make it a procession. Out of fifty entries only some thirty carriages materialized, and many of them were left by the wayside between London and Brighton, to the great delight of wrli;ers for some of the dailies and weeklies, who now had a new object of ridicule. That some of the carriages greatly exceeded the legal limit of twelve miles an hour is shown by the time in which a Bollee car covered the entire distance, which was two hours thirty minutes. The Duryea carriages were late entries and were placed at the rear of the procession. While in the city it was not possible to turn out and pass the vehicles, but once in the open country the American carriages began to pull past carriage after carriage until they reached Reigate (22 miles) 30 minutes ahead of the next similar vehicle. Here lunch was served, and some of the carriages kept right on without waiting, which ac-counts for the remarkable time shown in some of the published reports ; this has been the cause of much mis-understanding. When the procession reformed, the Duryea carriage again forged ahead and reached Brighton forty minutes in advance, making a total gain of seventy minutes in about four hours. The roads were very heavy on account of the rain. It is said that the Duryea wagons were the only ones which were turned over to stable boys to be cleaned off with a hose ; the other carriages, having exposed parts, had to be wiped off like a locomotive. The Duryea carriage was described in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for November 9, 1895. Various improve-ments have been introduced since that time, such as (lee •eaEe of weight, an accurate adjustment of the ex-plosive mixture, an improved muffler and arrangements for starting. While ordinary stove gasoline or naphtha is used, the motors were very heavy on account of the rain. It is said that the Duryea wagons were the only ones which were turned over to stable boys to be cleaned off with a hose ; the other carriages, having exposed parts, had to be wiped off like a locomotive. The Duryea carriage was described in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for November 9, 1895. Various improve-ments have been introduced since that time, such as (tecreace of weight, an accurate adjustment of the ex-plosive mixture, an improved muffler and arrangements for starting. While ordinary stove gasoline or naphtha is used, the motors can be quickly ad-justed to use THE DURYEA CARRIAGE USED IN THE RACE FROM LONDON TO BRIGHTON, 
THE first u s e of Niagara's power was made in 1725, a pri-mit ive sawmill being operated. Nothing more was done in this line until 1842, when Augustus Por-ter conceived the plan of THE DURYEA CARRIAGE USED IN THE RACE FROM LONDON TO BRIGHTON, 
THE first u s e of Niagara's power was made in 1725, a pri-mit ive sawmill being operated. Nothing more was done in this line until 1842, when Augustus Por-ter conceived the plan of hydraulic ca-nals, and in 1861 one was completed. The Cataract Construc-tion Company, from whose plant power has just been deliv-ered in Buffalo, wad incorporated in 1886. 
hydraulic ca-nals, and in 1861 one was completed. The Cataract Construc-tion Company, from whose plant power has just been deliv-ered in Buffalo, wad incorporated in 1886. 
kero-sene or other hydro-carbon
_ ******************************************* Wheel and Pinion Cutting Engine Sloan and Chace   The engraving represents the No. 5 wheel and pinion cutting engine built by Sloan, Chace & Co., Newark, N. J. This machine is pro-vided with a revolving head with three spin-dles for carrying the cutters. These spindles are in quills, and are hardened and ground. The quills are in eccentric sleeves, to provide an independent adjustment for depth for each spindle. These eccentric sleeves have fast in their front ends binding nuts, threaded to the front ends of the quills, which gives an in-dependent end adjustment for each spindle. The head is revolved by means of a cam ring, moved by the handle shown at the left. The backward movement of this cam ring raises the latch out of the notch, and a pawl at-tached to the ring engages a pin fast to the head. The forward movement of the ring brings the head to the next notch. To feed the cutters to the work, the head is moved by means of the lever shown at the side, which is connected to a stud, provided with a pinion engaged with a rack, which is fast to the main slide. The spindle carrying the index plate and holding the work is hard-ened and ground, and is fitted to hold the same-sized spring chuck as the machinist's bench lathe illustrated in our issue of Jan. 2. A yoke carrying a push spindle, which sup-ports the front end of the work in pinion cutting, is so arranged that it may be readily removed, when wheels up to five inches in di-ameter,either spur, bevel or crown, may be cut. The circular platen is provided with a verti-cal slide for adjustment, and is graduated into 

******************************************************************************440 
Scientifit wavicatt. 
[DECEMBER 19, 1896. 
THE PERFECTED DURYEA CARRIAGE. Motor carriages are now occupying great attention both in Europe and America, and we may look for ex-cellent results as the consequence of this interest. In-ventors, in this country at least, have been heavily handicapped by lack of funds to carry out the expen-sive experiments which are requisite to the perfecting of the carriage. In England there appears to be now no lack of capital, but a sad lack of practical carriages. We have already illustrated the principal carriages of domestic origin and we now present an engraving of the Duryea motor wagon, which made an exceedingly creditable run in the recent inaugural trip from London to Brighton on November 14. The Duryea carriage won the first prize in the Times-Herald race in 1895 and also the prize in the Cosmopolitan race on Decoration Day, 1896. The run to Brighton was not a race, but a " go-as-you-please " run, still the time was taken, and once started the vehicles tried to pass one another, so that it was virtually a race in spite of all efforts to make it a procession. Out of fifty entries only some thirty carriages materialized, and many of them were left by the wayside between London and Brighton, to the great delight of wrli;ers for some of the dailies and weeklies, who now had a new object of ridicule. That some of the carriages greatly exceeded the legal limit of twelve miles an hour is shown by the time in which a Bollee car covered the entire distance, which was two hours thirty minutes. The Duryea carriages were late entries and were placed at the rear of the procession. While in the city it was not possible to turn out and pass the vehicles, but once in the open country the American carriages began to pull past carriage after carriage until they reached Reigate (22 miles) 30 minutes ahead of the next similar vehicle. Here lunch was served, and some of the carriages kept right on without waiting, which ac-counts for the remarkable time shown in some of the published reports ; this has been the cause of much mis-understanding. When the procession reformed, the Duryea carriage again forged ahead and reached Brighton forty minutes in advance, making a total gain of seventy minutes in about four hours. The roads were very heavy on account of the rain. It is said that the Duryea wagons were the only ones which were turned over to stable boys to be cleaned off with a hose ; the other carriages, having exposed parts, had to be wiped off like a locomotive. The Duryea carriage was described in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for November 9, 1895. Various improve-ments have been introduced since that time, such as (lee •eaEe of weight, an accurate adjustment of the ex-plosive mixture, an improved muffler and arrangements for starting. While ordinary stove gasoline or naphtha is used, the motors 
_ • I_ 1_ _ **************************************************
To won the eutterm to the work, the head tH moved by means of the lover shown at the side, which is connected to a stud, provided with a pinion engaged with a rack, which is fast to the main slide. The spindle carrying the index plate and holding the work is hard-ened and ground, and is fitted to hold the same-sized spring, chuck as the machinist's bench lathe illustrated in our issue of Jan. 2. A yoke carrying a push spindle, which sup-ports the front end of the work in pinion cutting, is so arranged that it may be readily removed, when wheels up to five inches in di-ameter,either spur, bevel or crown, may be cut. The circular platen is provided with a verti-cal slide for adjustment, and is graduated into degrees. The block supporting the index spindle may be set at any angle, from the horizontal to the vertical position of this spindle. The index spindle is attached to the block by a slide which is parallel with the cutter spindles, forming a convenient adjust-ment. It will be readily seen that this ma-chine may be adapted to making a large vari-ety of milling cuts on small work. 
Boring Fixture for Engine Lathes. 
This tool is designed to take the place of boring tools, drawn from flat bars, and with a system of double-ended cutters ground to standard sizes it makes an inexpensive sizing tool for a great variety of work usually done with flat drills, reamers, etc. It is especially recommended for boring deep holes where perfect alignment of bar and the max-imum rigidity are necessary. It is claimed for this tool that the mode of fastening the cutters is free from the objections found with many tools of this nature. The advantages of the system of inter-changeable cutters are apparent, as they can be instantly changed, and the lathe need never stand.(041e while the operator is grinding. Fig. 1 is an end view of the bar holder, and is shown attached to a lathe tool slide, 'eing tongued to the same, so that it is im-possible for the bar to be crowded out of alignment when heavy cuts are taken. This older is split on one side, and clamps the 'lac.:; of the lever nut n on bolt k, t then ids the whole arrangement in Ftg.ue tool slide II. This holder is stint, !Iv bored out in place, thus secur-out *11 he ~---nent of the bars. By means consume noloin pan the slide, or a mark , thoroueler Triage, the bars can be reset 0 


WHEEL AND PINION CUTTING ENGINE. 
quickly, and be concentric with the hole to be bored. This allows bars to be used that are nearly the size of the hole to be bored. Centering the bars is also necessary when sizing holes with the double-ended cutters. A system of split bushes m are used in the holders, bored to fit the various sizes of bars so that one holder answers for all. These bushes are made longer than the hold-ers, and are intended to slide out to stiffen the bars when necessary. Fig. 2 shows a side elevation of holder, with bush m and bar B in place. 
rn-
B f   
H 
FIG. 1. 
The cutters are tightened by a slight blow with the hammer on the key f, the bottom of which is made with a small gib head to pre-vent it from flying out or getting displaced. Both key and gib are held in place by the binding pin d, which fits closely in its place, though not tight. The hole in the bar for the cutters is placed very near the end to allow boring close to a face-plate, and an off-set cutter is furnished to use when required to face a shoulder. The double-ended cutters have shallow holes drilled in one side at the center to-correspond to the small holes in the 

FIG. 2. 
BORING FIXTURE FOR ENGINE LATHES. 
Fig. 3 is a longitudinal section of end of bar, center of bars. This is and shows the manner of fastening the cutters, which are of cylindrical form and of standard diameters. Cutters of this form are cheaper, and are found to answer every requirement. Square cutters, however, are furnished when desired. A small hole is drilled in the end of bar for the insertion of the binding pin d, the beveled end of which extends in+r* ' keeping it in place, and allowirg it t t trifle to accommodate it l.l ,t4fs got f, 41,-,7s insuring a good - in ever, ,, reK, - tte. 

FIG. 3. 
for the purpose of centering the cutters, which is done by in-serting a pin before the key is driven down. The cutter ends of these bars are hardened and the whole ground to standard diameters. Cutters for the bars are kept in stock. As the best results are obtained by having the bars in perfect alignment, the holder is left to be bored in place. Various heights and sizes of the holders are furnished when ordered. 

plant I►101.040111H, nlitAlr 1111W plants are set out. A steam engine is required on each farm, and pumps driven by the engine are used for irrigation. The practice has been, hereto-fore, to use a wheel called a raspadora for / preparing the fiber ; seven or eight of these ' wheels are used on a farm, each wheel re-quiring the services of two Indians, and turn-ing out from 7,000 to 8,000 leaves per da,;‘ One thousand leaves whtthttps://www.antiquemachinery.com/images-1896-Sci-Amer/Sci-Am-Dec-19-1896-pg-41-bot-American-Museum-Nateral-History.jpegps://www.antiquemachinery.com/images-1896-Sci-Amer/Sci-Am-Dec-19-1896-pg-41-bot-American-Museum-Nateral-History.jpegill produce about 5u lbs. of sisal. The machinery is of rude con-struction, and the wheels are dangerous to the operators. All the engines that Mr. Darkin saw were, with two exceptions, of a cheap class. The fuel used is wood, and as that is becoming scarce, more economical engines will have to be substituted. The sisal produced is sold in New York, and is largely mixed with manilla in the manufacture of rope. The present annual production is about 60,000 tons, which sells for 42 cents per pound. The machine intro-duced by Mr. Darkin not only does the work much faster than by the present methods, but the material prepared by its use is worth one cent per pound more. The climate of Yucatan is healthy in winter, and fairly so in summer. The they- • mometer ranges from 60° to 95°. 
- .41111■-• 
Edle. The index spindle is attached to the block by a slide which is parallel with the cutter spindles, forming a convenient adjust-ment. It will be readily seen that this ma-chine may be adapted to making a large vari-ety of milling cuts on small work. 
.111111.• 
Boring Fixture for Engine Lathes. 
This tool is designed to take the place of boring tools, drawn from flat bars, and with a system of double-ended cutters ground to standard sizes it makes an inexpensive sizing tool for a great variety of work usually done with flat drills, reamers, etc. It is especially recommended for boring deep holes where perfect alignment of bar and the max-imum rigidity are necessary. It is claimed for this tool that the mode of fastening the cutters is free from the objections found with many tools of this nature. The advantages of the system of inter-changeable cutters are apparent, as they can be instantly changed, and the lathe need never stand.(041e while the operator is grinding. Fig. 1 is an end view of the bar holder, and is shown attached to a lathe tool slide, 'eing tongued to the same, so that it is im-possible for the bar to be crowded out of alignment when heavy cuts are taken. This older is split on one side, and clamps the 'lac.:; of the lever nut n on bolt k, t then ids the whole arrangement in Ftg.ue tool slide II. This holder is stint, !Iv bored out in place, thus secur-out *11 he ~---nent of the bars. By means consume noloin pan the slide, or a mark , thoroueler Triage, the bars can be reset 0 


WHEEL AND PINION CUTTING ENGINE. 
quickly, and be concentric with the hole to be bored. This allows bars to be used that are nearly the size of the hole to be bored. Centering the bars is also necessary when sizing holes with the double-ended cutters. A system of split bushes m are used in the holders, bored to fit the various sizes of bars so that one holder answers for all. These bushes are made longer than the hold-ers, and are intended to slide out to stiffen the bars when necessary. Fig. 2 shows a side elevation of holder, with bush m and bar B in place. 
rn-
B f   
H 
FIG. 1. 
The cutters are tightened by a slight blow with the hammer on the key f, the bottom of which is made with a small gib head to pre-vent it from flying out or getting displaced. Both key and gib are held in place by the binding pin d, which fits closely in its place, though not tight. The hole in the bar for the cutters is placed very near the end to allow boring close to a face-plate, and an off-set cutter is furnished to use when required to face a shoulder. The double-ended cutters have shallow holes drilled in one side at the center to-correspond to the small holes in the 

FIG. 2. 
BORING FIXTURE FOR ENGINE LATHES. 
Fig. 3 is a longitudinal section of end of bar, center of bars. This is and shows the manner of fastening the cutters, which are of cylindrical form and of standard diameters. Cutters of this form are cheaper, and are found to answer every requirement. Square cutters, however, are furnished when desired. A small hole is drilled in the end of bar for the insertion of the binding pin d, the beveled end of which extends in+r* ' keeping it in place, and allowirg it t t trifle to accommodate it l.l ,t4fs got f, 41,-,7s insuring a good - in ever, ,, reK, - tte. 

FIG. 3. 
for the purpose of centering the cutters, which is done by in-serting a pin before the key is driven down. The cutter ends of these bars are hardened and the whole ground to standard diameters. Cutters for the bars are kept in stock. As the best results are obtained by having the bars in perfect alignment, the holder is left to be bored in place. Various heights and sizes of the holders are furnished when ordered. 

plant I►101.040111H, nlitAlr 1111W plants are set out. A steam engine is required on each farm, and pumps driven by the engine are used for irrigation. The practice has been, hereto-fore, to use a wheel called a raspadora for / preparing the fiber ; seven or eight of these ' wheels are used on a farm, each wheel re-quiring the services of two Indians, and turn-ing out from 7,000 to 8,000 leaves per da,;‘ One thousand leaves will produce about 5u lbs. of sisal. The machinery is of rude con-struction, and the wheels are dangerous to the operators. All the engines that Mr. Darkin saw were, with two exceptions, of a cheap class. The fuel used is wood, and as that is becoming scarce, more economical engines will have to be substituted. The sisal produced is sold in New York, and is largely mixed with manilla in the manufacture of rope. The present annual production is about 60,000 tons, which sells for 42 cents per pound. The machine intro-duced by Mr. Darkin not only does the work much faster than by the present methods, but the material prepared by its use is worth one cent per pound more. The climate of Yucatan is healthy in winter, and fairly so in summer. The they- • mometer ranges from 60° to 95°. 
-
Employers and Workmen. 
In earlier days, when the world was less enlightened, employers and workmen held the relations of masters and servants ; now they are coadjutors. They form a sort of republic ; the employers hold the control in virtue of their position ; but they derive their prerogatives from the consent of the governed, and are bound to exercise their functions with all the moderation and for-bearance consistent with the maintenance of discipline. Similarly, it is incumbent on the workman to avoid everything that savors of offensive dictation, and especially not to pre-scribe terms that will have the effect of forcing American manufacturers to the alter-native of relinquishing their business or prosecuting it at a loss. They cannot expect to earn wages unless those who employ them make profits. .tip The resort to a strike is a! method of redressing grievances. muci, niary sacrifice to ttio 


These fixtures ark manufacpred 0. S. re oThr2e, it, rq e I Witor,„ 
Walker, W. ‘..rtnv7 , r 
f. 

Walker, W. ‘..rtnv7 , r 

quickly, and be concentric with the hole to be bored. This allows bars to be used that are nearly the size of the hole to be bored. Centering the bars is also necessary The cutters are tightened by a slight blow with the hammer on the key f, the bottom of which is made with a small gib head to pre-vent it from flying out or getting displaced.
quickly, and be concentric with the hole to be bored. This allows bars to be used that are nearly the size of the hole to be bored. Centering the bars is also necessary The cutters are tightened by a slight blow with the hammer on the key f, the bottom of which is made with a small gib head to pre-vent it from flying out or getting displaced.f. 

Cultivation and Preparation of Sisal Hemp in Yucatan. 
In our issue of Dec. 5, 1885, we described a machine for preparing " sisal" and other fiber, constructed under the supervision of Frank Darkin. Mr. Darkin has just returned from Yucatan, where he has been to start one of these machines in operation. From him we learn that almost the entire industry there is the cultivation and preparation of sisal hemp. Every farm, or hacienda, is the center of a plant. The soil, to make a bull of it, is a rock. The sisal plants are set out by native Indians, who are described by Mr. Darkin as a splendid set of men. The plants are set out in regular rows ; if there is a cleft in the rock the plant is set there, if not, soil is piled on the rock. The plants mature in five years, then the outer row of leaves is cut, and so on, for about fourteen years, when the plant blossoms, after which new plants are set out. A steam engine is required on each farm, and pumps driven by the engine are used for irrigation. The practice has been, hereto-fore, to use a wheel called a raspadora for preparing the fiber ; seven or eight of these wheels are used on a farm, each wheel re-quiring the services of two Indians, and turn-ing out from 7,000 to 8,000 leaves per day. One thousand leaves will produce about 50 lbs. of sisal. The machinery is of rude con-struction, and the wheels are dangerous to the operators. All the engines that Mr. Darkin saw were, with two exceptions, of a cheap class. The fuel used is wood, and as 

ed on each farm, and pumps driven by the engine are used for irrigation. The practice has been, hereto-fore, to use a wheel called a raspadora for preparing the fiber ; seven or eight of these wheels are used on a farm, each wheel re-quiring the services of two Indians, and turn-ing out from 7,000 to 8,000 leaves per day. One thousand leaves will produce about 50 lbs. of sisal. The machinery is of rude con-struction, and the wheels are dangerous to the operators. All the engines that Mr. Darkin saw were, with two exceptions, of a cheap class. The fuel used is wood, and as 

angles of degrees, by a worm quadrant. The various degrees ar************************************e

different metals and pitches to be cut. It is calculated for those desiring an accurate machine for spur gears from 18" down to 0, and to cut from 6 diametral pitch down to the finest. The column is hollow and pro-vided as a receptacle for change wheels and cutters. 
.1111111.•  
The receipt of numerous communications asking as to the relative cost of petroleum and coal for steam-making leads us to say once again that there is no evidence that oil will 

1110141 mm, 

to cut from 6 diametral pitch down to the finest. The column is hollow and pro-vided as a receptacle for change wheels and cutters. 
.1111111.•  
The receipt of numerous communications asking as to the relative cost of petroleum and coal for steam-making leads us to say once again that there is no evidence that oil will 

1110141 mm, 

on the ogivepposite quadrant. The sliding head is large in all its propor-tions, working in accurately fitted ways its entire length. The barrel on a 60" machine is 4A-" diame-ter, the spindle or mandrel being 2,8„ ' diame-ter. The head is adjustable vertically by nAns of a screw, to the 1o-la-0- part of an inch. In all machines of this nature the accuracy with which a blank is spaced is dependent entirely upon the wbrm wheel (provided all other parts --- 14 ' in-saactull-.;0$4.-t. too 
• — 
ty. .!lbr emits Li osp• ' 1:tir  • q uick adiu Hi *11)._ • L'Aci-nriet,-* slid At, 

UtJULIU Uy 111U1LIMUe 01 WOEUIS, 1,101, 111U.C11. Now this is very discouraging to the seeker for information, and yet it is not wondered at when we take into consideration the amount of labor and study which has been devoted to the subject, by those engaged in the business, and it is not too much to say that even the best informed on the subject are very far from perfection, inasmuch as they are con-. stantly called upon to change their mixtures on account of the variations in the different shipments of iron. To attempt to give a formula for universal adoption by saying, " So much of No. 2 to so much of No. 5, and 
1111111111111111 

so on," is sheer nonsense, for the simple reason that when you receive a consignment of iron from the furnace which was ordered to be No. 4, you will find that no less than three or four grades of iron have been ship-peed to you, making it utterly impossible to follow any prescription, based on the number of the iron alone. The trouble can be over-- come after this manner : After first settling in your own mind what particular grade shall be called No. 1 and No. 6, with their intermediate numbers according to grade, you may then make from your own experience mixtures that will be intelligible to yourself, but would be useless to any one unacquainted with your methods of number-ing. But this is not all that enters into the successful making of rolls, or anything else that requires special mixtures If it were at all times profitable and convenient to use new iron, the business might soon be learned not cost nearly twice as much as coal in and by adopting the method suggested above. near coal-producing districts. It is only All foundrymen of experience are aware when coal has to be carried long distances that large quantities of scraps (from brhcen that oil can be economically substituted for rolls and other castings made from charco ordinary steam-making purposes. iron) accumulate and must be worked up, and it is right here that the skill and judg-Many a machine is ruined in reputation by ment of the mixer is put to the test, and I being placed in the hands of incompetent know of nothing which demonstrates the im-users. The following from a book published practibility of making a set of standard mix-by well-known manufacturers expresses more tures more than the fact that. whilst some truth than is usually found in the same num- of the scrap may be open grained and very ber of lines : We do not particularize ; it soft, other specimens will be perfectly white is unnecessary : " If the reader has carefully and brittle as glass, and yet some of our ex-followed the,gopstrution of the machine up perts insist on their mixtures being correct, to this pobit .he may see little else, if any- which tell you to put in a certain proportire thing, to be done towards securing a long- of scrap. Again, it common amongst rr,, ° tic lived machine, yet our part as builders se- ers to say when a roll turns out 44\9 cures but one-half this object. The other ,thi, opposite, " Oh, there ought pieces 
EBERHARDT'S IMPROVED AUTOMATIC GEAR CUTTER. 
entirely, which is desirable for testing large wheels. The lock shaft always makes one revolu-tion ; the proper spacing is accomplished through the change wheels. The worm-wheel is held locked for the cutting of each tooth, and where properly set mistakes can-not occur. All slides and adjustments are graduated. These machines are made in five sizes ranging with a capacity of cutting from 251' to 84" in diameter, and will perform equally as well at their greatest capacity on coarse pitches as on smaller diameters and the finest pitches. enraving on page 2 represents the new 18" automatic ear cutter for cutting spur gears' It has worm dividing whettlpin two sectien44,•same as the larger machines ; a able dial feed, yer • uick, return ;--lf must be attended to 1,y the _u_,:recr,oaolf le more car ' in tha."`rek ,use r\irc1.11Tie However well ',- -achine r -rwhec!'  26' will b, •  we , , "'F'''eted, if it is 'nr—
tlas be() ' ,, - _,.., ina, 4.1-ecti 'bir material' 

when cutting bevel gears having long hubs cast on them, as the whole working slide can be brought out to the face of the gear.

The cutter slide, and all other working slides, have been en-larged in length and wearing surface. The mechanism for operating the cutter slitAe is of an entirely different construction from the one formerly employed, and affords more wearing surface to the parts, and works to better advantage. Through this arrange-ment an unlimited variation of speed can be obtained for feeding the cutter through the various metals, viz. : steel, wrought iron, cast-iron v,nd brass. It is also essential that 
diameter ; this, together with constructing the wheel in two sections securely bolted together, insures a true dividing wheel, whereby the most deceptive inaccuracies are detected. An iron casing protects the wheel from dirt and foreign particles, which are apt to lodge in the teeth when unprotected. The worm shaft is of steel ; the bearings are adjustable for compensating any lost motion which might take place, or the worm may be withdrawn from the dividing wheel 


different metals and pitches to be cut. It is calculated for those desiring an accurate machine for spur gears from 18" down to 0, and to cut from 6 diametral pitch down to the finest. The column is hollow and pro-vided as a receptacle for change wheels and cutters. 
 
The receipt of numerous communications asking as to the relative cost of petroleum and coal for steam-making leads us to say once again that there is no evidence that oil will 

1110141 mm, 

Mixture for Rolls. 
BY S. BOLLAND. 
The question is often asked by foundry-men " What is the best mixture for rolls ?" and again, " Why cannot we have a regular' set of mixtures, gotten up by some one who has had large experience in this class of work ?" Go where you will, you are met by these enquiries, and (strange as it may seem) no answer comes, at least none that is intel-ligible to the average moulder. Some have tried to give what purported to be the right mixture, made up of so much of " this," to so much of " that," supplementing the formula by saying that good rolls were made at such a place by the mixtures given. Again, you go into shops where they make a specialty of rolls, and ask for their mixtures, and naturally, they shake their heads, and express by the look they give, as well as they could by a multitude of words, " Not much." Now this is very discouraging to the seeker for information, and yet it is not wondered at when we take into consideration the amount of labor and study which has been devoted to the subject, by those engaged in the business, and it is not too much to say that even the best informed on the subject are very far from perfection, inasmuch as they are con-stantly called upon to change their mixtures on account of the variations in the different shipments of iron. To attempt to give a formula for universal adoption by saying, " So much of No. 2 to so much of No. 5, and 


 
https://www.antiquemachinery.com/images-1896-Sci-Amer/Sci-Am-Dec-19-1896-pg-41-bot-American-Museum-Nateral-History.jpeg


AMERICAN MACHINIST  pg 441     MACHINIST MAY 8, 1886

    

American Museum Wash D.C. pg 441

DECEMBER 19, 1896. Aritutific American. pg-441 
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ITS COLLECTIONS AND WORK—THE MOUNTING OF THE ELEPHANT " TIP." The assertion that those who live in a city often know least about its institutions has become a truism. It is safe to say that comparatively few New Yorkers have an adequate idea of the American Museum of Natural His-tory, which is one of New York's most notable institu-tions. It was founded over 20 years ago, the original law under which its charter was acquired being passed in 1871. To the original building addition after ad-dition has been added, a new lecture hall has been built, and to-day the richness and extent of the collec-tion is such that in the nearly  150,000 square feet of floor space. the majority of which is now at the com-mand of the in-stitution, bar e 1 y adequate room is found for the dis-play of the riches of the collections. Mineralogy, geol• ogy, paleontology, botany, natural history, in all its divisions, and an-thropology, a r e the heads under which the many collections may be grouped. In addition to what may be termed the natu-ral increase of the specimens, many celebrated collec-tions have been bought or pre-sented from time to time. Thus,  under vertebrate paleontology, the famous Cope col-lection of fossil 
mammals of North America has recelotly been purchased, repre-senting an expen- (Mitre of nearly dr I It 
wood to place a water color drawing illustrating the leaf, flower and fruit, together with a map showing its distribution, with printed technical data. We illustrate the outside of the building. Since this view was taken the west wing has been nearly com-pleted, which alone represents an expenditure of nearly $350,000. An idea of the system of arranging the col-lections can be obtained from the view showing the hall of paleontology. Natural history is particularly well illustrated in taxidermic specimens in the world of mammals, birds and reptiles. One of the trophies of this department is the mounted skin of the elephant Tip, which impressive example of the taxidermist's 
Frank M. Chapman, assistant curator ; Jchn Rowley, Jr., taxidermist. Department of Vertebrate Paleontology.—;Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn, curator ; Dr. J. L. Wortman, assistant curator ; Dr. W. D. Matthew, assistant. Department of Anthropology.—Prof. Frederic W. Putnam, curator ; Marshall H. Saville, assistant cura-tor of the archmeological division ; Dr. Franz Boas, as sistant curator of the ethnological division. Department of Entomology. — W. Beutenmuller, curator. Librarian.—A. Woodward, Ph.D. Superintendent of Building.—William Wallace. The ever at-tractive and pop-ular art of taxi-dermy has re-ceived great de-velopment within the last few years. T h e taxidermist n o w recognizes very thoroughly in the prepara-tion of his objects the necessity of reproducing a 11 the  natural pe-culiarities of -the animal's form, and by the liberal use of photo-graphs and meas-urements does his best to show in his finished wort:. the most Minutc featured animal, developing a real facsimile of the living creature. The old system of simply stuffing the skin until it could hold no more has been abandoned, a n now the taxider-mist devotes his 

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—THE MAIN BUILDING. 
energies to per-petuating every fold and wrinkle of the skin that existed in the original animal. Our illustr __*****************************************************************************************************************__

o u g, n t or pre-sented from time to time. T h u s, under vertebrate paleontology, the famous Cope col-lection of f ossil mammals of North America has recently been purchased, repre-senting an expen-diture of nearly $16,000. This is but an indication of the work. From in a n y exploring and collecting ex-peditions, all or part of the finds are contributed to the in us eu in . From expeditions to Peru, Hondu-ras, Sumatra and Mexico, many unique sain p les have been re-ceived. The Peary Relief Expedition of 1894 greatly en-riched the depart-ment of mammals and birds. The department of anthropology, covering in its cases the cliff houses and caves of Utah,  the South American Indians, mound specimens from Qhio a n d Ken-tucky and objects from British Co-lumbia, is of special interest and             THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—THE MAIN BUILDING. 

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—HALL OF PALEONTOLOGY. 
richness. Another very interest-ing feature of the work is the department of public in-struction under the curatorship of Prof. Ticknor. Here numerous lectures on travel and exploration and on subjects connected with the exhibition are given to the school teachers and the public in general. The library now numbers upward of 30,000 volumes and many maps. Books treating of forestry and botany are in special request. Among the mineralogical specimens some samples of minerals are quite unique, from size and perfection. The Jesup collection of North American woods has at last received a permanent lodgment. It is proposed uow ever each of the beautifully mounted specimens of 
art confronts the visitor as he enters the building, and of whose preparation a description is given below. The president of the museum is Mr. Morris K. Jesup. The working staff of the institution includes the follow-ing names : Department of Public Instruction.—Prof. Albert S. Bickmore, curator. Departments of Geology, Mineralogy, Conchology and Marine Invertebrate Zoology.—Prof. R. P. Whit-field, curator ; L. P. Gratacap and Edmund 0. Hovey, assistant curators. Departments of Mammalogy, Ornithology, Herpe-tology and Ichthyology.—Prot. J. A. Allen, curator ; 
1. 111 11 the skin until it could hold no more has been abandoned, a n d. now the taxider-mist devotes his energies to per-petuating every fold and wrinkle of the skin that existed in the original animal. Our illustra-tions show differ-ent stages in the mounting of the skin of the famous elephant " Tip." T h i s somewhat famous elephant came here in 1881. embarking f r o Toulon under tht ownership of Carl Haagenbach. By him he was sold to Adam Fore-paugh, but as the animal proved too vicious for circus use, some eight or nine years after his purchase he was presented to the Central Park Museum. Tip had always been vicious and had the death of several keepers to answer for. While in the Central Park Museum he attacked his at-tendant, Snyder, nearly killing him, and the death of Tip himself was determined on. After considerable trouble a large dose of potassium cyanide was administered to him, on May 11, 1893, which killed him, at the age of twenty-three years. He was of good dimensions, 9 feet 6 inches in height and 11 feet long. It is quite usual to use some of the bones of the original skeleton in mounting animals. In Tip's case, however, the skeleton was preserved for separate mounting. Immediately after his death the skin was removed and all the flesh was dissected from the bones, and the skin after paring down was put in tan liquor. The bones were carefully prepared for mounting en squelette. For the taxidermic figure a wooden skull 

 
AMERICAN-MACHINIST-1887 page 442

 MACINIST  442 efcitntific A/intrican. [DECEMBER 19, 1896." and wooden leg bones were Made in general facsimile of corresponding members of his frame. A profile board of heavy plank was cut out, representing the longitudinal section of the great body. It was sus-tained by four iron bars fastened by iron straps to its sides. Close to the bars were mounted the representa-tive of the leg bones. This stage of operation is shown In Fig. 1, The wooden skull was attached to the pro-• file board, and a pair of tusks from another elephant were attached to the wooden skull. This gave the ex-temporized skeleton in part. To the profile board curved ribs were now attached, and over these laths were nailed closely together so as to give the general contour of the body. A similar process was applied to the legs, they being brought to a cylindrical shape by laths running up and down, nailed to a framework surrounding the iron supporting bars and wooden leg bones. From the skull depended a profile board repre-senting the longitudinal section of the trunk. This marked the second stage in the operation, and is shown in Fig. 2. The next step was to cover the laths with excelsior, tied, tacked or glued on, according to the circumstances. Now constant reference was made to the photographs of the living Tip and to measurements. The skin mean-while had been lying in the tan liquor for a year.. it was scraped and pared down to a manag ,61e thickness and was now tried on the excelsior covered elephant. This resulted in indicating the necessity for adding excelsior in some places and in taking it away in others. The skin was repeatedly tried on and the excelsior added or removed until the manikin was made to exactly fit the skin, which for ease of manipulation had been cut into three pieces. The excelsior covered core is shown in Fig. 3. When this fitting of the manikin was complete .a thick coating of modeling clay was applied all over the surface until the clay manikin, shown in Fig. 4, re-sulted. The skin was now slung up and placed over the model, and was sewn in place with wire. Fig. 5 shows the work in progress.. The trunk board had been pad-ded out to give the approximately cylindrical section. Glass eyes were put in position, the eyes being con-structed with great care to reproduce the colors of the true elephant's eye. After the tanning the skin was no longer the natural color. By the use of paint, varnish and some finishing touches, the proper color was re-stored to it and the true appearance of an elephant given to the whole, as shown in the final cut, Fig. 6. it now forums one of the most attractive objects in the museum, and represents a very complete embodiment of the art of taxidermy. The use (4* clay and of the elastic excelsior gives the taxidermist great, hieilit loo in reprodneing fin tho luau tirvs a patent invalid even if the question is not raised by the parties to the case. Blount Manufacturing Company v. Bardsley (U. S. C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 75 Fed., 674. Interpretation of Claims. —Where certain claims of a patent described a shaft. as connected with a piston " to operate the same," and " to operate the same and be operated thereby," but failed to show how the con-nection was made, it was held that the connection was not necessarily an attachment incapable of separation, but such a relation of parts as would produce simul-taneousness of motion between the shaft and piston, and, therefore, such claims cover a cam connection. Door Checks.—The Blount patent, No. 289,380, for door check; having a liquid regulating cylinder separated from the actuating spring and having a by-pass, has been held valid and the second claim re-stricted to the combination shown, and his patent, No. 485,357, for a door check and closer, has been held valid and claims 2 and 3 restricted to the specific combina-tions described. • American Soda Fountain Company v. Green (U. S. C. C., Pa.), 75 Fed., 680. What Constitutes a Combination.—A patent cannot be declared void because it is not a combination when the object to be attained by the apparatus would not be accomplished except by the mutual relation and the co-operation of the various parts. Soda Water Fountains.—The Whiffing patent, No. 414,279, has been held valid. Long v. Polk Manufacturing Company (U. S. C. C. A., 1st Cir.), 75 Fed., 835. Effect on Patent of New Functions.—The discovery of new uses or functions of a patented device has no effect upon the patent regardless of what the patentee may have claimed in the patent to be the functions and advantages of his invention, for the patent is on the mechanism. The discovery of a new function, therefore, cannot be used to give the patent a breadth not shown on its face. Road Vehicles.—The Long patent, No. 281,091, for an improved steering head for road vehicles has been con-strued and limited. Beach v. Inman (U. S. C. C., N. Y.), 75 Fed., 940. Effect of Prior Decisions.—When a patentee has ob-tained a final decree after years of arduous litigation, sustaining the broad claims of his patent, such decree should protect him against all intruders who seek to use the actual invention by making changes in forin to avoid the claims and speeification; the specification and claims are not to be scanned with a hostile eye after such decision. Paper Bag Machine.—The Buck reissue, No. 11,167, for a inlichineu to attach stays to the eornors of paper 1,4wsJL4 t,► first twi, claims is again sustained an4I is •• ■ ■■ cted with great, care to roproilliciel thca coiors or th., true elephant's eye. After the tanning the skin was 111► longer the natural color. By the use of paint varnish and some finishing touches, the proper color w!is n stored to it and the true appearance of an elephant, given to the whole, as shown in the final cut, Fig. 6. _It now forms one of the most attractive objects in the museum, and represents a very complete embodiment of the art of taxidermy. The use of clay and of the elastic excelsior gives the taxidermist great facilities in reproducing all the natu-ral features of an animal. The modern school of taxi-dermy is specially well illustrated in the American Mu-seum of Natural History. Thus,taking as example the walrus or the rhinoceros, it will be found that in both of these animals the large wrinkles or folds of the skin are very characteristic features. The modern school of taxidermy takes full cognizance of them, and often many hours and days of work are devoted to the final life-giving touches and reproduction of minute features. The stuffed animal is no longer a mounted skin ; it is the reproduction, of the animal itself, upon which every resource at the taxidermist's command is lavished. Recent Patent and Trade Mark Decisions. Osgood Dredge Company v. Met. Dredging Company (U. S. C. C. A., 1st Cir.), 75 Fed., 670. Combinations and Aggregations.—The general rule of law is that the conception of a combination which merely brings together two or more functions to be availed of independent of each other is an aggregation and not a combination, and there is no invention in it. Dredging Machines.—The Osgood patent, No. 257,888, for a dredging machine having a boom attached to operate either a scoop for hard soils,. or a " clam shell" bucket for soft soils, has been held void as to claims 1 and 3 because it is a mere aggregation and not a com-bination. Validity of a Patent as Affected by Prior Declara-tions of Defendant.—The fact that the defendant by advertisements and other publications has maintained the patentability of machines of the same general character as that for which he is charged with infring-ing is entitled to little weight in determining the validity of the patent, because whether the patent is valid or void is a matter of public concern and neither the in-ventor nor the infringer can be permitted to substitute his own opinions for the judgment of the court which represents the public. Expert Testimony.—An expert witness in a patent case has no right to answer any mixed question of law and fact, and it was improper for the expert to state as his opinion that a certain alleged invention belonged to that class of inventions described by the term "new article of manufacture." A Court Declaring a Patent Void on its Own Motion. —Because the court represents the public, and the validity of the patents is a matter of some public con-cern, a court has a right on its own motion to adjudge itostoll v Inman (11 H, 4 , N ), Vtql , 1110 )001►414.11s, 'V 11111 II 11111011101i i1uM 111, 1,/i.11114I IL I It4"I'Itl, 1111Itr yesirs or 'arduous lit Iv:at ion, sustaining I III' broad or his patents, Misch devroo 8114►pr►lvet, him against, nu tot niti►•m who sock tolls,' the actual invention by maki11t4. changes in it i tll to avoid the claims and specification; the ification and claims are not to be scanned with a hostile eye after such decision. Paper Bag Machine.—The Buck reissue, No. 11,167, for a machine to attach stays to the corners of paper boxes as to its first two claims is again sustained and is infringed by a machine having only differences of form and in substance. Ex parte Ernest (Commissioner's Decision), 76 O. G., 1417. Amendment to Drawing. —If the examiner thinks the proposed amendment to a drawing involves new mat-ter, the change in the drawings should not be allowed to be made until not only the question of new matter has been finally determined but whether the claims based thereon will be allowable, so that all questions may be settled at once on appeal. Rewriting the Specificati(►ii. —Although an al )1)1 ication may be confused and informal, yew if the claims can be understood from the description and drawings, action should betaken on the merits. Ex parte Stern (Commissioner's Decision), 76 0. G., 1417. Entering Amendment to Application.—Where an amendment to an application for a patent cancels some claims and amends others, the examiner cannot admit the amendment so far as it relates to the cancellation of claims and refuse to admit it so far as it relates to the amendment of claims, but must either enter or reject the amendment as a whole, so as to enable all questions to be settled by appeal. Ex parte McFarlane (Commissioner's Decision), 76 0. G., 1418. Dispute as to Ownership of Patent.—The Patent Office is not the proper place to dispute the ownership of a patent, for it has no judicial functions for the de-termination of private rights, and where the title is dis-puted the patent should be granted to the inventor, leaving the question to be determined by the courts. Pell v. Pierpoint (Commissioner's Decision), 76 0. G., 1573. The Question of Novelty in an Interference Case.— Where the question of priority has been decided with-out the suspension of an interference proceeding, the question of patentability of a claim involved in the in-terference will be considered ex parte and not inter partes by the primary examiner. Ex parte Grosselin (Commissioner's Decision), 76 0. G-., 1573. Affidavit igainst Foreign Patent.—Where a foreign patent is cited against an application, an affidavit to overcome such patent must state facts showing that VIVI, 'if WPM' MIMI lit'M I"( 1".1"1"1111"(1 ■% I II 014 11..111,►►11101•1 ■V I ill' tl I II 'II '00,($0 Po( )1)1e, MIN-IX OW P..11111111' 11011110111,111 ON114,111114,11t ilhell anti vi Tvillis_ Inv h., Omit or 11,,IM !ilium,' 1411404 in 155:1-54. I4,II Writ 0114 fII US to Wit it for, 1111(1 whirh they say is sent, by Providence to teach men ►hysfoloy. Thierseli made the same experiment upon filly-six mice, the con-ditions being accurately determined and scientifically controlled, and with the death of fourteen mice gaVe the world more exact information about the contagion of cholera than all the cholera epidemics recorded in history. This is the scientific experiment which we are told should not be made. The antiseptic method, which we owe in so great a measure to the vivisectional experiments of Joseph Lister, is past all reasonable controversy and we may refer to it here. It has come to be used in hospitals generally, and has reduced mortality from surgical operations to one-tenth of what it was before. Any one who has seen even a few cases of antiseptic surgery will readily agree with Dr. Keen when he says : " Sir Joseph Lister has done more to save human life and diminish human suffering than any other mean of the last, fifty years." Still, Lister was obliged to leave England to vontinue experiment in his merciful work after the passage of the restrictive law in 187t1. In the Tfibingen Hospital died from amputation be-fore introduction of Lister's method and after : Per cent. Per cent. Of lower limb 43'5 3'2 Of upper limb 80'6 2'9 —Appletons' Popular Science Monthly. A Word to Mail Subscribers. At the end of every year a great many subscriptions to the various SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN publications expire. The bills for 1897 for the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, and the BUILD-ING EDITION of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN are now being mailed to those whose subscriptions come to an end with the year. Responding promptly to the invi-tation to renew saves removing the name front our subscription books, and secures without interruption the reception of the paper by the subscriber. PRICES. The Scientific American (weekly), one year. $3.00 Supplement to the Scientific American (weekly), one year..... 5.00 Building Edition of the Scientific American (monthly), one year 2.50 Export Edition of the Scientific American (monthly, in Spanish and English), one year 3.00 COMBINED RATES. The Scientific American and Supplement $7.00 The Scientific American and Building Edition.. ......... 5.00 The Scientific American, Scientific American Supplement, and Building Edition. 9.00 This includes postage, which we pay.. Remit by postal or express money order or check to order of Munn & Company, 361 Broadway, New York. ;******************************************************************************************************************************

 at Fig. 3, 24'' diameter and 1.14r thick. First, let your templet be as wide as the outside diameter of pipe wanted, and cast it stronger than you would if needed only for a core. Should you be going to run your pipe on the top, let there be holes cast in plate, through which your gates will pass ; for, as will be seen at A, Fig. 1, your core plate is to be the covering plate. You must also cast holes over each flange for risers, as well as for the staples shown at B, Fig. 1. These staples will be cast in the core iron, as shown by broken lines at B, at such places as are needed for lifting, and, as you will perceive, will protrude through the plate when you set on your core iron. The core iron here shown is the best and easiest made of any I have ever used, being readily made by the use of a bent pricker pattern. It must be understood that in this case you need but one plate and one core iron. Before proceeding to ram your half core, let your plate be well cleaned, and then lay off the position of flanges, and make marks on edge of plate with a chisel to guide you in setting. Bed down' the core iron, and set in the studs to support core wherever needed, provision having been made of course by crossbars in the core iron A. Fig. 2, shows position of stud. Do not, as many try to do, attempt to slick up your core with the trowel after you have swept off the sand, but, what is much better, dampen the face of core and finish off with rubbing sticks ; by so doing you will pre-serve your core in shape. You must now place on the half flanges, which are made to fit the core. After squaring and securing them with spikes, prepare to lay on the thick-ness, which is done in this manner : Have a core-box 20" long and 6" wide, with good draft, the depth of the thickness of pipe. Let frame be secured to a board. Take the toughest sand you have, moisten it well, and with this make sufficient cores to co-ar the core inside the flanges. By a little care you will soon be able to cut lac %ifithout much trouble. You t then ill- them fast to core, as seen Fig.. ' • '.ii—oleaning away from the stuck, .•-; must be taken off and then out he s. Aufficiently to stand handling, consume no' 
 

MAKING ELBOWS, BENDS AND BRANCH PIPES IN LOAM. 
The wood burns away, and allows the shrink-age to come without damage to casting. A, Fig. 3, also shows position of stud. Set flanges in position, top halves as well as bot-tom. Commence by building behind flanges, as shown at D, Fig. 1. Build up to flanges clear of circle, rub on loam, and sweep off with top half of flange. You may, if you choose, extemporize a bearing for the flange to run on, but very little practice will enable you to do without. You will observe a hole is left in the middle of brickwork for the gas to escape at. Having now got the ends of core in good shape and your studs fixed, lay (in mud) a course of half bricks wide apart, as shown at B, Fig. 3, about 2" from edge of core, as seen at 111,, Fig. 2. Dig down to cinders in two or three places to make connection ; fill in cinders, as seen for top half, packing them well down, and a course of old sand over them to within 2" of face, to save core sand ; ram on sufficient core sand and sweep off. This must be care-fully done, as you have only the thickness on which to rest your sweep, but by a little care you ca•, secure a good shape. After rubbing to shape; secure the flanges in place and place on the thicku-ss. There is no need to nail the upper half.. .r,,re now got the core and pattern in thorouv;77er zriage, the bars can be reset good oWD in every res, it as good as tile.  
j 
are set to clear the body core. You now see the use you are to make of the core' plate, and why you make provision for running, etc., when it is made. The reason for the loose plate over the chaplet is to save trouble when bedding on the top plate. The mud between the plates becoming hard enough to resist the pressure, saves trouble. The top chaplet also remains where it is built, so that when the mould is closed there is no measuring or wedging to do. Mark your mould at the joint at such places as are not likely to be disturbed, lift off your cope and set up on stands high enough to work under. Lift out your core, first freeing it at prints, as well as digging out a little of the thickness all around ; this prevents the joint from being lifted up. After pulling off the thick-ness, and trimming, a little blacking finishes ready for the oven. In closing your mould, if you are careful in setting your bottom half in pit, you will find that core and cope will come together very readily. A plan of binding is shown at Fig. 2. By hitching on to center of beam with slings at-tached to bottom lugs, you can pack between it and covering plate as seen at I, Fig. 2. Fig. 1 is an end view of mould when closed. Fig. 2 shows section of mould cut through at chaplets, and show,:,11(_, malip o th halves Jaw  

per1,11e0 1110 1)1,14•11 ►111' 1►11►(lillt,i011 ['Oct. buxcn IIILVO 110(111 (U14(11111011 and solid phosphor bronze boxes adopted for all the engines. Mr. Ball has made sonic valuable improve-ments in their locomotives during the last few months. Cast-iron shaking grate bars have given place to a grate composed of ten 2-inch water bars and four 11" loose bars. The water bars are arranged in groups of two, with a loose bar intervening and dropped a little lower. Water bars are hydraulic drawn tubes, -1" thick, screwed in at one end and expanded at the other. The front end of the grate is 41" lower than the rear end, which gives perfect circulation through the boiler. The back flange bearing for the grate is dis-pensed with, and cross-bearers used to sup-port the grate. This prevents clogging of ashes in back end of grate, which, as is well known, tends to warp and break the grates. With this improved form of grate, which has been applied to five locomotives, an actual saving of fifteen per cent. of coal has been made. Mr. Ball has made the equalizers -Pf" deeper and 31" longer, so that the bolt in back end, where the hole is bored, cleaks the wheel and is easily taken out. This also makes a better riding engine. Another improve-ment is securing the front end of the cab to the boiler Ivith angle plates, well bolted. An iron foot-rest is placed on the back of the tank, and the reverse gear quadrant is sup-ported by a bracket from the back end of the boiler. The center bearing of the truck is made so the bearing extends fully across it instead of part way, and the bolt extending through it has a countersunk head, which comes flush against the outer bearing surface. This prevents the spring from getting loose. Some new locomotives will be built for this road, which will contain other improvements originated by Mr. Ball. The frame will be made heavier, and the pedestal jaws heavier. Changes will be made in plan of placing the dome on the boiler ; also in the dry pipes to brake ejector. 
The general tendency to a lower rate of interest on money has an important b upon manufacturing. Borkowed capit, not expect as large returns as formerly. taxes keep tending upward. 
T. a paper on the relatiy,t, ku, Ir Edward Bowel,::: 

1 

MAKING ELBOWS, BENDS AND BRANCH PIPES IN LOAM. 
The wood burns away, and allows the shrink-age to come without damage to casting. A, Fig. 3, also shows position of stud. Set flanges in position, top halves as well as bot-tom. Commence by building behind flanges, as shown at D, Fig. 1. Build up to flanges clear of circle, rub on loam, and sweep off with top half of flange. You may, if you choose, extemporize a bearing for the flange to run on, but very little practice will enable you to do without. You will observe a hole is left in the middle of brickwork for the gas to escape at. Having now got the ends of core in good shape and your studs fixed, lay (in mud) a course of half bricks wide apart, as shown at B, Fig. 3, about 2" from edge of core, as seen at 111,, Fig. 2. Dig down to cinders in two or three places to make connection ; fill in cinders, as seen for top half, packing them well down, and a course of old sand over them to within 2" of face, to save core sand ; ram on sufficient core sand and sweep off. This must be care-fully done, as you have only the thickness on which to rest your sweep, but by a little care you ca•, secure a good shape. After rubbing to shape; secure the flanges in place and place on the thicku-ss. There is no need to nail the upper half.. .r,,re now got the core and pattern in 
thorouv;77er zriage, the bars can be reset good 
oWD 
in every res, it as good as tile. 
tte- .11,...,1 
j 
are set to clear the body core. You now see the use you are to make of the core' plate, and why you make provision for running, etc., when it is made. The reason for the loose plate over the chaplet is to save trouble when bedding on the top plate. The mud between the plates becoming hard enough to resist the pressure, saves trouble. The top chaplet also remains where it is built, so that when the mould is closed there is no measuring or wedging to do. Mark your mould at the joint at such places as are not likely to be disturbed, lift off your cope and set up on stands high enough to work under. Lift out your core, first freeing it at prints, as well as digging out a little of the thickness all around ; this prevents the joint from being lifted up. After pulling off the thick-ness, and trimming, a little blacking finishes ready for the oven. In closing your mould, if you are careful in setting your bottom half in pit, you will find that core and cope will come together very readily. A plan of binding is shown at Fig. 2. By hitching on to center of beam with slings at-tached to bottom lugs, you can pack between it and covering plate as seen at I, Fig. 2. Fig. 1 is an end view of mould when closed. Fig. 2 shows section of mould cut through at chaplets, and show,:,11(_, malip o th halves Jaw  

per1,11e0 1110 1)1,14•11 ►111' 1►11►(lillt,i011 ['Oct. buxcn IIILVO 110(111 (U14(11111011 and solid phosphor bronze boxes adopted for all the engines. Mr. Ball has made sonic valuable improve-ments in their locomotives during the last few months. Cast-iron shaking grate bars have given place to a grate composed of ten 2-inch water bars and four 11" loose bars. The water bars are arranged in groups of two, with a loose bar intervening and dropped a little lower. Water bars are hydraulic drawn tubes, -1" thick, screwed in at one end and expanded at the other. The front end of the grate is 41" lower than the rear end, which gives perfect circulation through the boiler. The back flange bearing for the grate is dis-pensed with, and cross-bearers used to sup-port the grate. This prevents clogging of ashes in back end of grate, which, as is well known, tends to warp and break the grates. With this improved form of grate, which has been applied to five locomotives, an actual saving of fifteen per cent. of coal has been made. Mr. Ball has made the equalizers -Pf" deeper and 31" longer, so that the bolt in back end, where the hole is bored, cleaks the wheel and is easily taken out. This also makes a better riding engine. Another improve-ment is securing the front end of the cab to the boiler Ivith angle plates, well bolted. An iron foot-rest is placed on the back of the tank, and the reverse gear quadrant is sup-ported by a bracket from the back end of the boiler. The center bearing of the truck is made so the bearing extends fully across it instead of part way, and the bolt extending through it has a countersunk head, which comes flush against the outer bearing surface. This prevents the spring from getting loose. Some new locomotives will be built for this road, which will contain other improvements originated by Mr. Ball. The frame will be made heavier, and the pedestal jaws heavier. Changes will be made in plan of placing the dome on the boiler ; also in the dry pipes to brake ejector. 
The general tendency to a lower rate of interest on money has an important b upon manufacturing. Borkowed capit, not expect as large returns as formerly. taxes keep tending upward. 
T. a paper on the relatiy,t, ku, Ir Edward Bowel,::: 

1 

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AMERICAN-MACHINIST-page-443 

pg 443                .AM MACHINIST     MAY 8, 1886       Electricity for Practical Mechanics.       BY GEO. H. BENJAMIN.      SECOND PAPER. 
In a previous paper I stated briefly what we knew and what we did not know about elec-tricity. We have now to deal with electricity as generated by dynamo-electric machinery. The term " dynamo," in its present accepta-tion, is applied to any sort of an electric ma-chine, wherein the current generated is the result of work expended, or, in other words, a machine which converts the energy of me-chanical motion into the energy of electric currents, as, for instance, steam, water or wind power. The " dynamo" has come into general use, for the reason that it is the most economical generator of electricity. Electricity can be generated by chemical means, as in batteries, but here zinc is consumed, and there is no comparison in the question of economy be-tween the cost of coal and zinc. It is not necessary however, to enter into the question of the relative cost of generating the current by means of a dynamo or batteries. With batteries we have practically nothing to do, except in so far as relates to " storage batteries," and of them later on. A dynamo consists, first, of the field mag-nets, which can be of cast or wrought iron. Fairly soft wrought iron has been found to give the best results. The field magnets can be per-manent magnets—that is, where the iron of the magnet is permanently magnetized—as by the touch with the loadstone or magnet, or they can be electro-magnets, which consist of a soft iron core, around which is wound an insulated copper wire. Fig. 1 shows a perma-nent magnet. Fig. 2 shows an electro-magnet. The iron of the core is rendered magnetic by in-duction, and the degree of magnetism depends upon the current travers-ing 1,110 coil of inHnin1,..1 

In the top space there are but few lines in the middle portion more, and the lowest still more. The degree of magnetism may be said to be proportional to the number of lines within the magnetic space. The degree to which a piece of iron can be magnetized has been determined, and that point is known as the point of saturation. 

FIG. 1. FIG. 2. 
simply a number of single machines in one, although the field of force is somewhat more complex. Between the field poles of the mag-nets there exists what is known as the mag-netic field (field of force), which is usually 

FIG. 5. Under the influence of an electric current a magnet will increase its magnetism in the ratio of the current, but after a time an increase in current decreases the magnetism, until at length a point is reached at which the 
one attempting to acquire information. Even the most perfect graphic illustration will sometimes fail to convey the actual true state of the case, and it is quite impossible within the limits of such an article as this to give all the facts which have a direct bearing, without having the description assume too much the character of a text-book, and thus bore the gen-eral reader. It is, however, necessary at the outset to state the observed facts and the methods by which they are observed. The field magnets in all sorts of machines are, as a rule, mounted upon a bed-plate of cast iron, and magnetically insulated therefrom by a plate of brass or other magnetic metal. Non-mag-netic metals, while they are conductors of electricity, will not connect magnetic lines, as is the case with magnetic metals. If a plate of iron be placed across the field poles of a dynamo machine, the polar influence of the magnets will be lost, and the magnets cease to act as magnets. This fact, very simple in itself, should be remembered, as I shall prob-ably have occasion to refer to it in speaking of how to locate and handle dynamo electric machines. 
How to Build a Railroad. 
The modern way of building a railroad on nothing and making it a paying enterprise for the projectors, is well illustrated in the case of the Arkansas Central narrow gauge road costing, for the 48 miles constructed and equip-ped, less than $10,000 a mile. From the coun-ties and cities along its line the owners obtained bonds and grants to the amount of nearly $500,-000. The State gave it $160,000 for arranging that the bed could be utilized for levee pur-poses, and lent it $1,350, 000 worth of State bonds. The road was then bonded for $2,500,000, and a con-siderable amount of stock certificates issued. Then the road made default in payment of interest, and rveei vet' 5'i1l4 appointed who made unbend issue of II rid (`N for completing ********************************************************************************************************************
magnetized am or magnet, or they can be electro-magnets, which consist of a soft iron core, around which is wound an insulated copper wire. Fig. 1 shows a perma-nent magnet. Fig. 2 shows an electro-magnet. The iron of the core is rendered magnetic by in-duction, and the degree of magnetism depends upon the current travers-ing the coil of insulated wire upon the magnet. With the cessation of the current, the magnetism of an electro-magnet ceases, not entirely, how-ever—a very small amount of residual mag-netism remaining in the core. Modern practice prefers eleetro-magnets from which to form the inductor of a dynamo electric machine, for the reason that, first, the degree of magnetism can be regulated to meet differing conditions, and, secondly, that the degree of magnetism can be much intensi-fied over that of a permanent magnet, and will always be the same under the same con-ditions, whereas the strength of a permanent magnet decreases and increases under varying conditions in a purely arbitrary manner, and is often affected by slight external conditions. The majority of dynamo machines which have been introduced into use are provided with two pole pieces, to which have been given the name field poles, polar extensions, etc., and arbitrarily named north and south poles, or possibly so called for the reason that the north pole attracts the north-seeking end of a compass needle, and the south pole the opposite end. Other machines have been made with a number of pole pieces which have been variously located. Two forms are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Fig. 3 is a six-pole machine, and Fig. 4 has a large number of poles, the latter machine being the arrange-ment generally employed for alternating cur-rents. The difference between an alternating and a continuous current will be explained in its proper place. The magnets in multipolar machines are arranged alternately north,south, INT. S. There is one machine which has been -ed into use which has but a single 4 -rlying one-half of the armature. --achines do not 0-'" in 
FIG. 4. 
indicated by a number of parallel lines cross-ing from one polar extension to the other, and known as the lines of force ; these are indi-cated in Fig. 5. The greater the magnetism of the magnet the gre ater the number of lines of force that occupy the magnetic field ; that is, they lie closer together. Fig. 6 is a graphic illustration of the ar-rangement of lines of force in a magnetic field with different degrees of magnetism. The figure is divided into three equal parts. ■ 
FIG. 6. 
magnetism will remain stationary. The de-lineation in the drawing of Figs. 5 and 6 of the magnetic field is, of course, imaginary. No one ever saw a magnetic field, although its influence is appreciable, and its general fea-tures can, by means known to scientists, be practically demonstrated. The delineation by lines is a convenient method only of explain-ing the observed facts in relation to the field of force. It is unfortunate that in electricity so much must be left to the imagination of  FIG. 3. 

1)(io. The Slate gave it $ 160,000 for arranging that the bed could be utilized for levee pur-poses, and lent it $1,350, 000 worth of State bonds. The road was then bonded for $2,500,000, and a con-siderable amount of stock certificates issued. Then the road made default in   .x)-1 payment of interest, and a receiver was appointed who made a liberal issue of certificates for completing and repairing it. Then it was sold at auction, and bought in for $40,000— in receiver's certificates, purchased at a heavy discount. Any syndicate desiring to go into the railroad business should cut this out for future reference.—Omaha Bee. Equipment of a Manual Training School. 
The equipment of the Manual Training School at Chicago is stated to be as follows : Work-rooms-27 cabinet-makers' benches, 24 speed lathes, 1 circular saw, 1 scroll saw, 1 boring machine, 1 planer, 1 grindstone, 1 shootplane, bench, lathe and general tools for 72 boys. Foundry--2 furnaces, crucibles, troughs, flasks, trowels, rammers, sieves and other apparatus for 66 boys. Forge-room-24 forges, 23 anvils, 1 emery wheel, 1 shears, 3 vises, 1 blower, 2 exhaust fans ; tongs, sledges, hammers, fullers, flatters, swages, etc., etc., for 66 boys. Machine shop-7 en-gine lathes, 14-inch swing, 6-foot bed ; 1 engine lathe, 18-inch swing, 8 foot bed ; 2 speed lathes ; 1 planer, 6-foot bed ; 1 shaper, 1 drill, 1 grindstone, 15 benches, 15 vises ; lathes and tools, such as chucks, boring bars, taps, dies, hammers, chisels, files, etc., sufficient for 32 boys. Power is supplied by a Corliss engine of 52 horse-power and by two steel boilers. 
An instance of combined ingenuity and tasty good sense is certainly refreshing in these days of peach-blow craze and Mikado ornamentation. A Brooklyn (N worker, desiring vases for the his house, made the same in in well-known shop tools. An anvil, c, to leave the sides about 1" or •a th cast-iron or bronze, makes a prett. ornament filled with flowers and vines. 


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AMERICAN-MACHINIST-1886   pg-444

AMERICAN MACHINIST 
Parallel for Machine Shop Use. 
This parallel piece proper consists of two parts, so fitted that when put together as shown in Fig. 1, they form in effect one parallel piece. Fig. 2 shows the parts sepa-rated, It will be seen that by means of the screw C, the part B can be moved along A to increase or decrease the thickness of the parallel portion. The uses to which these pieces can be put in the machine shop will be apparent to mechanics. The inventor is Fred I. Getty, Springfield, Ill. 
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LETILIS FROM PRACTICAL MEN. 
Machine Shop Cost and Time Accounts. Editor American Machinist : I am a constant reader of your paper ; am a subscriber through our local news depot. I have read with great interest a growing demand for better systems of time keeping, and have read Mr. Shaw's method of dealing with the subject ; also Mr. Metcalf's in the March 17th issue. I shall not criticize either much, but wish to add my way to the general fund of knowledge. We keep a book for all orders, and in this is recorded every order taken, no matter how small—as, a piece of steam pipe or a 5" bolt, or anything coming our way ; and opposite this order is placed the number, as No. 4,728, for instance, and read consecutively from one to 10,000, and then commencing at one again. The order taken is by number given all over the shop. No man knows the name of the party order-ing the work. The workman has a " ticket" that the foreman issues to him, that states just what is wanted, and he is not allowed to do anything excepting what the ticket calls for. For instance, John Jones orders a gear and shaft, and gives directions as to the details, all of which are recorded in the order book. Then a ticket is issued to the pattern shop for the gear, and the pattern goes to the foundry. Then a ticket is given the black-smith for the shaft ; the machinists get their tickets, with explanations on for the work ; and when all done the time is put on the ticket, as per the inclosed cards or tickets. 
THE KEYSTONE IRON WORKS CO. 
work ; they are too apt, in verbal directions, to mistake 4 for 4 or vice versa, or -a for g, or 2176 for 2-11-, all leading to expense and ill-feeling. It is too easy for a man to hear wrongly in the noise of shop work and put down in his " check book " 21u. for 2 and bore a pulley too large, or 1R for 111,, and then claim he is right, as that is " what I understood you to say." But this way he has the figures, and the foreman is the re-sponsible man. I find that men are apt to be too careless, and are ofttimes, as in the case of foreigners, not able to write down their work so that it is intelligible " after it gets cold," and here he has only weights and time to keep up, and it lessens the chance of mistakes. All the tickets being in, the book-keeper quickly sees the prices, weight, labor, bolts, pattern and smith shop time, and it is but a moment's work to make a charge. By filing away all tickets, we can readily refer to the ticket to get at size of bore, keyseat, length of shaft, or any other detail, in case our customer two years hence should write to send him " another gear, the same as I got on April 8, 1886." A glance at the ticket will show the foreman if a man is too long on a job or not, and he has no excuse for a mis-take. Of course, there are some classes of work needing a foreman's personal attention, and in that case only a general ticket is issued. 

so long as the material being bored is not too hard the speed of cutting matters little, so long as you keep work and drill thoroughly cool. But keeping cool means to keep the very cutting edge cool. It is the heating of this sharp edge, which soon loses its tem-per, that causes a drill or other cutting tool to give way, and therefore it must be limited in its cutting speed to prevent this, unless a means for thoroughly cooling is applied. My reason for believing that speed makes no difference, so long as heat is removed, is from the fact that in boring with this in-creased speed I bored the same amount of inches as before without sharpening the drill, and the probability is, if the soda water could be reduced to zero or lower without freezing. that this boring could be done in about thirty or thirty-five minutes, or perhaps less. A. B. LANDIS. 
Driving Ventilating Fan. Editor American, Machinist: In answer to P. F. D., Syracuse, N. Y., query 164, I would suggest that he may possibly find that the boxes to his counter-shaft heat after running the stated three hours before the twist belt begins to slip. Loosen up the boxes and put some dry plum-bago in them, examine the boxes on fan bearings also, and apply the same remedy. With proper adjustment the fan should run continuously without trouble, if it will run 
 
. PARALLEL FOR MACHINE SHOPS. 
AN for uric°. if the particular man, tho time three hours '' all right." I 1180 a fait horn       MAY 8, 1886 
Making Gear Patterns. BY F. W. BARROWS. SECOND PAPER. 
Now you come to what I consider the most important part of the whole job, spacing round the wheel. Don't try to do this with-out first putting a fine, sharp, round point on each leg of your dividers. A three or four sided point won't work well, and if the point is not central you cannot space twice around your wheel and come out the same. I think a pair of dividers with moveable points best, because you put these points in the lathe and sharpen them up nicely. Don't use a pair of dividers that are too small, because the points will stand at an angle so great that it will vary the spacing. You may test them as follows : Step off two or three spaces (to get the motion) on any straight line, then before setting down the point for the next space, mark a short arc ; step once more and move the dividers as if for another step, but simply make the point mark the space, then, turning back once, strike a second arc through the point occu-pied by the first arc. If the two arcs just touch without intersecting, your dividers are in good shape, and are large enough. If they are too small the arcs will nearly always in-tersect. Space round your wheel, being careful to set the points down exactly on the pitch line. Don't bear on too hard, just enough to keep the points from slipping. How did you come out ? I have been so fortunate as to come out right the first time, but this doesn't occur very often, I am sorry to say. If you come pretty near it perhaps you may correct the space by giving your dividers a rub on the oilstone. If you fall short rub them inside, and if you overrun rub the out-side. I have always been foolish enough to cor-rect the space by means of the spring and screw which are found on most wing dividers. I presume I have been obliged to space four or five times around the wheel, when I might have struck it right the first time by resorting to the oil stone, but after I get good points on my dividers I am anxious to keep them so, and I have always been able to come out right by means of the screw. In spacing a rack don't try to set the divid-
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The order book. Then a ticket i5 issued to the patiore shop for the gear, and the pattern goes to the foundry. Then a ticket is given the black-smith for the shaft ; the machinists get their tickets, with explanations on for the work ; and when all done the time is put on the ticket, as per the inclosed cards or tickets. 
THE KEYSTONE IRON WORKS CO. 
Order No. 4,728 Date 4-6-86. By P. shop ..... 
Bore 1 bevel gear, 30 x 134 X 4" — 2-7.16" hole, and face the hub. 
[Several tickets are sent by our correspond-ent, of which we publish two, which will ex-plain the system.] A cross on the ticket is to call the attention of the workman to weigh his material when first brought into the ma-chine shop, and all rough material is so weighed by the machinist first handling it, and by no other succeeding workman. Each man has a rack with two pockets in, one for finished tickets, and one , for unfinished tickets ; when through with a job, he puts his ticket in the finished pocket, and every morning the timekeeper takes away all of his finished tickets, leaving the unfinished ones until they are put in the finished pocket. The sum total of both kinds of tickets each day must be the same number of hours as is given in the time book, by the foreman, or else an inquiry is started as to reasons therefor. Thery man's time must be on his ticket be-fore leaving the snop at night, and thus, if he is absent the next day, we can get his N. b. A.11 tickets are held until the work 'r is completed, and then taken  

Fm. 2. PARALLEL FOR MACHINE SHOPS. 
As for price, if the particular man, the time books show his wages, and at any time can be consulted, although, generally speaking, the ticket shows what class of labor did the work, as vise, planer, lathe, drill, smithshop, etc., at so much per hour for each kind of labor. Cost is taken also from these tickets. The accompanying tickets show the system we use and find the best yet tried here. C. A. BURTON. 
Boring Deep Holes. Editor American Machinist : Since writing the article, " Deep Holes by Continuous Boring," which appeared in your issue of March 27, I have had bored a large lot of shafts of the kind illustrated, and cer-tain conditions which I did not have before enabled me to make a better record of time on this work. The best time from the time of lifting the shaft from the floor to put into the lathe until it was again laid on the floor finished was forty-three minutes, using two reamers, for reasons before stated. This may to many seem incredible, yet it is correct. The conditions above referred to on this last lot of shafts were that heretofore the shafts were bored during the hot summer months, and the hydrant water used to cool the soda water being comparatively warm, was not effectual in carrying away the heat as thoroughly as during the cold winter months, when this water is very cold, as was the case in the last lot of shafts bored, and the speed used for boring could be very much increased. For boring the 1i" hole I used a speed such as would be considered antle, under ordinary drilling, for a drill, and I believe by getting the soda water down to nearly the freezing point and keeping it that way, and forcing a r  .- thr),igh the drill in given rt. W iced could still be 
- theory is thr 

three hours " all right." I use a fan here that is belted directly from main shaft pulley to fan pulley. This is a half twist belt, and gives no trouble. Width of belt 3", and drives a 30" fan. The main shaft makes 126 revolutions per minute, on which is a 12" pulley; fan pulley 3" diameter, making 504 revolutions. This belt never slips. It is not tightly stretched. Cannot P. F. D. discard the counter-shaft and pulleys, substituting a 3r pulley for the 97 pulley on fan shaft, and belt directly from pulley on main shaft to fan pulley ? I think he would then have no further trouble. Coldwater, Mich. E. 1VIANsELL.  
A Business Weather Bureau. 
A well-known novelist and critic suggests the expediency of establishing a literary weather bureau in this country, with view to announcing the advent and activity of new writers. An adaptation of his plan might readily be made to serve the purposes of busi-ness men, as to the matter of cutting prices. Some concerns want orders tremendously at certain times, and at other times are disposed to look for a living profit. If a business -weather bureau could be established, which would give due warning of an area of very low pressure, as likely to prevail for some days over the boiler works of Jones, Smith & Co., for instance, other boiler shop proprie-tors competing with them, at such times would know when to take to the woods. After the barometer had risen enough to indicate that the firm had quit offering boilers below cost, and were disposed to do business on business principles, other and better-balaL2ed concerns might enjoy a like season of station-ary barometer and equable weather, to the manifest advantage of Jones. gi: ,D.'s stockholders. as well  as of t ray 

I have always been foolish enough to cor-rect, the space by means of the spring and screw which are found on most wing I presume I have been obliged to space four or five times around the wheel, when I might have struck it right the first time by resorting to the oil stone, but after I get good points on my dividers I am anxious to keep them so, and I have always been able to come out right by means of the screw. In spacing a rack don't try to set the divid-ers exactly by a rule, but supposing the pitch is 1A-" measure off a foot exactly, and then make your dividers cut it up into eight spaces. I suppose that you can lay off a foot with no greater error than you would make in laying off 1k", and the error would be di-vided into eight parts, so you would get your 12" laid off only one-eighth the original error too large or small. Another thing I do is to leave off the center mark on each tooth. Make your spacing marks where one side of the tooth is to be, then by setting off the thickness of the tooth you have all thelpoints necessary. Perhaps I needn't tell you not to alter the dividers you set off the pitch with until you have spaced all the wheels of the set on both sides. If they are spur wheels for bevel wheels it doesn't make so much difference, because they may be corrected in fitting up. If bevel wheels are laid out on both sides of the teeth and worked by these lines, they will be wrong in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, and the one other which comes right is only a streak of luck. You must be very particular in squaring across the face of spur wheels, or the two wheels won't touch on but one side. Don't trust to a try square, but lay your wheel on a flat surface and use a right angle, and after making one mark, turn the round to the opposite side and mane -'anothermark. If the two lines are not parallel, the right line will bisect the space between the two. There is another way of squariir which works equally well for wheels. I will explain it in the . - FINDING PITCH OF PROPELL1 If S. J. R., Detroit, Mich., NI, the pitch of an old propeller when',. set up the wheel en a level floor in the posi-tion shown by Fig. 17, in my article in AMERI-PAN MAORINTST for April 10th. '86, bringing 

May 88888,1886 _AMERICAN_MACHINIST 

the bored hole for shaft to a true vertical position, then draw a circle of the same diameter as wheel to be measured; on this lay off a certain part of the whole, making it as large as possible, and have the end of bucket cover it. Now measure vertically from the points that mark the ends of the space laid off on the circle. The difference in the height of the edge of bucket at these two points will be to the pitch as the space is to the whole circle. If the space is 3, of the circumference and the difference in the two measurements is one foot, the pitch is 12'. This is only for a straight pitch. 
Auxiliary Steam Power in Sailing Vessels. 
In our June 3, 1882 issue, we noted some observations regarding this subject, in the light of hopeful experiments that were then being made. A number of sailing vessels were then being equipped with auxiliary steam power and the promoters of the experi-ments looked for results, that, without inter-ference with the usual business of steamships, would point the way to an important and profitable addition to the American merchant marine. These experiments, according to our information gathered in shipping circles, have not resulted favorably, at least so far as sup-plying sailing vessels with auxiliary steam-power in the strict sense of the phrase is concerned. For useful information on this subject, we are indebted to Mr. Henry H. Sinclair, of New York, Captain George W. Tucker, Mr. James TI. Winchester, and other gentlemen. Capt. tucker informs us that his firm • are part owners in a sailing vessel which three years ago was equipped with auxiliary steam-imwer furnished by a prominent firm of marine et 'gill° builders. The vessel was full bark-rig-god, having three masts, with yards on two of them . She registered when equipped with aux-i I iary steam, 750 tons, with carrying capacity of about 1,150 tons. Her steam-plant consisted ►1 single-acting condensing engine, K'x30" cylinder, of about 175 nominal horse-power, and two boilers. The shaft was 8" in diameter, and 21' long. The trade she en-gaged in was regular trips between the ports of Now York and Buenos Ayres, South America, with oecnsional extensions of the trig) from tlm WW1' Dort to gild from RoNario. discharging at New York, while the $50 sav-ing in towage at Buenos Ayres accrued to the charterers and not to the ship : 
SAVING BY USE OF AUXILIARY STEAM-POWER. 
Earning capacity of entire vessel, 1,150 tons, increased one-third by 30 days saved in running time, estimated worth $3,150 Saving in towage in and out of N. Y., average  60 Proportionate saving on use of steam, 2 trips to Rosario out of 5 voyages, average 5 days, estimated worth   $525 Less only cost of coal  90    Making net  Estimated saving in wages of one man at sea  Saved on hoisting in port  
      Total saving in round trip $3,845 Balance in favor of auxiliary steam per voyage of 4,i mos  778 It will be noticed that the incidental Rosario trips account for most of the saving, and that cost of repairs has not yet entered into the comparison. This result, while showing a money balance in favor of auxiliary steam, was not regarded as sufficient to offset the extended overhauling and repairs, including replacement of boilers, that were sure to come. The steam plant was therefore removed and sold, the net result of the experiment being, of course, a loss. While the auxiliary steam-power employed in this vessel proved insufficient to be of much service in bad weather or on dangerous coasts, the vessel steamed readily 150 to 165 miles a day on several occasions during a calm. It was thought the propeller resist-ance hindered the ship from half a knot to one knot per hour, according to the fordo of the breeze. In further explanation, it should be said that, while the vessel could always get its cargo promptly at New York, the South American shippers could not be induced (doubtless, in some cases, were unable) to get their cargo made up any more promptly than in the case of an ordinary sailing vessel, the average stay in the South American port being 45 days. The remark was frequently made by shippers there that time was " no great object," and that the ship was double engines, having 20" high pressure cylinder, 36" low pressure cylinder, and 30" stroke of both. Her boilers are two in number, and built after the latest Scotch pattern, being 10' 3" long and 8' diameter each. The engines and boilers were built by Neafie & Levy, of Philadelphia, have 410 nominal horse-power, and cost complete about $30,000. Under steam the coal con-sumption averages seven tons in 24 hours. It was believed that 450 tons of coal would be sufficient to run the vessel to the east coast of Africa and back, steaming on the average one-half the time. The steam department gives employment to six men, the total number of hands required on the vessel being 17. In addition to her steam plant, the Jeanie carries full power spars and canvass, having a four-masted schooner rig, with spars 90 feet long. The dimensions of the vessel are 186 feet keel, 38 feet beam and 18 feet hold. Her propeller is two bladed, with provision for placing perpendicularly when not in use While subsequent experience shows the Jeanie to be well adapted to the east African trade, the breaking out of the Zulu war and other financial troubles in that country prevented her from ever being employed in that service, and she was accordingly transferred to the trade between New York and the West Indies. Her trips are made under continuous steam, the sails being employed only as auxiliary, the course of the vessel Dever being varied in order to use them. While her owners would not have designed this vessel expressly for that service, her performance is entirely satisfactory, the vessel averaging more than two voyages to a sailing vessel's one. Had her owners proposed originally to build the Jeanie for West Indian trade, they would have augmented her steam power and given her less sail. Capt. Winchester estimates that the Jeanie'8 entire steam plant, including shaft and coal bunkers, occupies a cargo space equivalent to 1,000 barrels, worth $700 to $1,000 for the round trip to the West Indies. Even at " the present low rates for freight," the vessel makes more money for her owners than she could do under sail, in fact, making money where a sail vessel would lose it. While her owners would not consider such a vessel suited to the trade between New York and California, they believe she would be as adapted to ply between San lerancisco am I OM 8111141W i(.11 11411111(k fi.r Elio 
builder of marine engines of our western lake service, that shows conclusively that with engines of 48" stroke, and 86 revolu-tions per minute, developing 800 horse-power, the gain by jacketing was less than 2; per cent.; less than $1.25 for each twenty-four hours, and calculating the actual running time in a year, the saving was about $180. The cost of the jackets was about $500, and the repairs on them in one year was $80, leaving a very small financial gain for a vast amount of trouble. The cost of coal on the lakes is from $2, to $2.50 per ton trimmed on board, but even if it were $4.50 per ton, a steam jacket under such circumstances would make a very small saving for the ship-master. The relative proportions of the steam cyl-inders of compound engines must be fixed according to the steam pressure and average point of cut off to be used. The usual pro-portion for 100 lbs. initial pressure is 31 y to 1 in area. The old proportion for a press-lire of 90 to 100 lbs. was 4 to 1 in area, the diameter of the low pressure cylinder being generally made twice the diameter of the high pressure cylinder. Continued practice, however, developed the fact that the terminal pressure in the low pressure cylinder was too low when this pro-portion was used, calculating of course from an economical point of cut off at the high pressure cylinder; the terminal often fell below three pounds, and six pounds is low enough for the final pressure, when it is re-leased to the condenser. Where there is no jacketing, a terminal of nine pounds will show about the same result as a jacket working with a low terminal, so I believe in a moderately high average press-ure in the low pressure cylinder, as its walls are then kept warm without the use of the jacket, and this system can be used with economy up to 600 horse-power, and I think the turning point showing any decided gain by jacketing will be found on engines de-veloping more than 700 horse-power. I have referred to the marine engine fre-quently in speaking of the compound system, as this service has developed this type of engine in many forms, after it was once abandoned by the best builders of stationary or land engines, and the marine engine build-o•t4 ar(1 very far in advance of the stationary engine builders of to-day. There are nimlerti ma•iml enginem now in 

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 ono knot per hour, according to the form, of' power furnished by IL prominent Il•in of marine engine builders. The vessel was full bark-rig-ged, having three masts, with yards on two of them . She registered when equipped with aux-iliary steam, 750 tons, with carrying capacity of about 1,150 tons. Her steam-plant consisted of a direct single-acting condensing engine, 18"x30" cylinder, of about 175 nominal horse-power, and two boilers. The shaft was 8" in diameter, and 21' long. The trade she en-gaged in was regular trips between the ports of New York and Buenos Ayres, South America, with occasional extensions of the trip from the latter port to and from Rosario, about 200 miles further up the Uruguay River. Kerosene oil, chairs and lumber were among the chief articles of freight out of New York, while hides formed an important Hein in the return cargo. In all, five round trips were made, the Rosario trip being added to two of them. Capt. Tucker says his running time for ten passages averaged 44 to 45 days, making three months running time for the round trip, with about six weeks additional spent in port, the entire voyage averaging 4 months, though one voyage recorded the ex-ceptional time of 3 months. The steam was only used when there was not wind enough for the sails, this occurring mostly in the tropics. Capt. Tucker believes the Buenos Ayres trade includes sufficient use for auxiliary steam to make it a very fair test for that method. On this basis, as compared with subsequent performances of the same vessel, after removal of her machinery, the expense of maintaining her auxiliary steam-power is summed up as follows, without charging anything to repairs : 
EXPENSE OF MAINTAINING AUXILIARY STEAM POWER. Cargo space displaced, 150 tons, valued at 13 cts. per cu. ft. out and of that rate back, estimated worth for the round trip, N. —;„ Buenos Ayres and return $1,225 Wages of engineer, assistant and 1 fire-ml.-n, total $165 per month, for 4 
• 
742 Aug,. $4   700 ,-,t , of steam plant, 4; mos  300 l'ste and packing  100 stile 5,7 1,,,,,,,:y-,1:.1!)e:Lse during round trip $3,067 
Against this should be set the following, no living being made in lighterage, loading or 
the breeze. In further explanation, it should be said that, while the vessel could always get its cargo promptly at New York, the South American shippers could not be induced (doubtless, in some cases, were unable) to get their cargo made up any more promptly than in the case of an ordinary sailing vessel, the average stay in the South American port being 45 days. The remark was frequently made by shippers there that time was " no great object," and that the ship was " the cheapest storehouse" they could find for their goods, their custom being to make drafts on consi2nees for the value of shipments as soon as made. This, in fact, appears to have been the chief cause of the virtual failure of the steam plant to render its use profitable. It is not doubted that the auxiliary steam would have been retained had its advantages at sea been supplemented on land by the facilities which were freely accorded to regular " steam-ers." This serious disadvantage was often further complicated by the impatience of con-signees in New York, who, misled by the words " auxiliary steam," looked upon the vessel as a " steamer," and expected steamer speed. Nor would South American shippers, while usually willing to accord the preference at the same rates, consent to allow the vessel any better than sailing vessel rates. As a matter of opinion merely, Capt. Tucker thinks schooner rigging would be preferabi for a vessel equipped with auxiliary steam. I to also thinks increasing the size of the vessel would be advantageous, thereby making the steam machinery occupy relatively less space. 
EQUAL STEAM AND SAIL POWER. An experiment of quite a different kind is found in the experience of the Jeanie, owned by J. H. Winchester & Co., of New York, the vessel having substantially what may be termed equal steam and sail power. During several years this firm had occasion to dis-patch a vessel every two months around the Cape of Good Hope to ports on the south-east coast of Africa. The trade being pros-perous, the firm concluded it would support two steam vessels, and the Jeanie was built with This end in view. Her registered ton-nage is 1,075, and her carrying capacity 1,600 tons, her steam equipment being sufficient to affoe full load in smooth water, with-out tf s a speed cr nine knots an them ' hour, nro-kicIPO )91-v; 
Capt. Winchester 4.slinintem Clint the entire steam plant, including shalt 1111d coal bunkers, occupies a cargo space equivalent to 1,000 barrels, worth $700 to $1,000 for the round trip to the West Indies. Even at " the present low rates for freight," the vessel makes more money for her owners than she could do under sail, in fact, making money where a sail vessel would lose it. While her owners would not consider such a vessel suited to the trade between New York and California, they believe she would be as well adapted to ply between San Francisco and the Sandwich Islands, as for the East African trade for which she was built. Altogether the experience afforded by this vessel seems to indicate a more satisfactory solution of the problem of combining steam and sail for long voyages, than has yet come to our notice. 
Compound Engines for Stationary or Factory Purposes. 
BY WILLIAM H. HOFFMAN. 
THIRD PAPER. 
There are several reasons for compounding an engine ; one important reason is, that as the steam engine is a heat motor, the initial pressures can be as high as safety will permit, and lubricants will operate. There need be no trouble about any of the -,ackings, as they can all be metallic. These high pressures of steam keep it partially dry at least, and the cylinders hot, thus prevent-ing a large amount of cylinder condensa-tion. There is very little gain in compounding a steam engine if the initial steam pressure is to be below 85 lbs. After going to the extra expense of permanently separating the boiler from the condenser by the introduction of the intermediate high pressure cylinder, we must look for most of the other gains in the increased number of expansions, and to do this we must have an initial pressure of about 100 lbs.; this pressure will insure thirteen ex-pansions with the work well taken out of the steam. In practice I have found very little gain in jacketing cylinders with a diameter less than 18 inches for the high pressure, and 30 inches for the low pressure:.,!‘ie .e small engines in their jackets lieecled„ 41.i to IMO Inn'tio-poWer, 1111(I I think theNurning point sin ing an deci(1,(1 ►gain by jacketing will be found on engines de-veloping more than 700 horse-power. I have referred to the marine engine fre-quently in speaking of the compound system, as this service has developed this type of engine in many forms, after it was once abandoned by the best builders of stationary or land engines, and the marine engine build-ers are very far in advance of the stationary engine builders of to-day. There are modern marine engines now in operation, developing from 750 to 850 horse-power, making an average of 165 revolutions per minute, receiving an initial pressure of 160 lbs., and having a piston speed of 675 feet per minute and running continuously for thirty hours with less fuel consumption than any stationary compound engine within my knowledge. Now if we should go to the stationary engine builder, with a specifica-tion covering a case like the above, and add that he must transmit this power through a shaft 8 or 9 inches in diameter, and 80 feet long, or more, he would probably say that we were asking him to build an engine under extraordinary conditions ; yet this is now con-sidered small work in the marine engine line. The marine engineers are still moving on in the perfection of the compound engine. The triple expansion system is now being in-troduced on vessels as small as 300 tons, with a decided saving in fuel over the two cylinder I compound. d t believe, however, that the three cylinder triple expansion system will show much saving on engines below 400 horse-power, but am confident that three engines working on one shaft, with cranks set at 130° give the best results as to the regularity of speed, and uniform strains on the main shaft. of the marine engine builders of this country have lately constructed boilers with shells 14 feet in diameter and calculated for a safe working pressure of 165 lbs. , and to be connected to triple expansion engines. The two vessels for the White Star Line just commenced by Messrs. Harlan & Wolffe, Belfast, Ireland, will have boilers to carry 165 lbs. of steam with perfect safety. The engines will be of the triple expansion type, and will be run at high rotative and piston speeds, being the most powerful yet dc,, signed. It is said these engines are something over 14,000 horse-power and yet all this energy is to be fastened to the hull of a vessel that v-"' offer anything but the rigid, foundatir' the landsman nearly always fin(' and,- 7 thi,soin,ei;earn,,.,"c* • _tvoc 

8

AMERICAN-MACHINIST-1887 page 8  Aux. Steam Power   

pg-446 AMERICAN MACHINIST  MAY 8 1886 

PUBLISHED WEEKLY 
BY American Machinist Publishing Co. 
HORACE B. MILLER, Pres't. JACKSON BAILEY, Vice-Pres't. LYCURGUS B. MOORE, Treas. and Sec'y. 96 Fulton Street, New York. 
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A 1)17 KIITISI °I'nuitiloitt,,Brw. pm. IIie (Inch Itirtm.1,1011. "littrtinotir4 S111+cI1414," r►h.. rt. Iltio. 
E/1/11()i1/.1 /, I \ N,,l' \ 
...•••••• • • 
Settling the Eight-hour Problem in a Machine Works. 
The eight-hour plan for shops, mills and factories has been talked about for many years. It presents no new features. The same arguments for and against eight hours as the limit of a day's labor applied ten or twenty years ago that apply to-day, except that improved mechanical processes enable workmen to produce more in a given time than they formerly could do. Efforts to bring about an eight-hour rule in manufac-tories seem to have been put forth in certain spots this spring, but no general movement in that direction is discoverable. Clearly, it could not be expected that a few establish-ments could run on eight-hours' limit, while their competitors were running ten hours. About the first of April the employes of the extensive machine works of E. P. Allis & Co., of Milwaukee, which is a representative estab-lishment, and the largest of its kind in the West, petitioned the firm that they should be permitted to work eight hours a day from May 1 for the same wages as heretofore paid for ten hours. Mr. Allis, whose special efforts in behalf of working men are known not only in his own city and State, but throughout the whole country, immediately prepared a circular addressed " to all my em-ployes," and had it printed and distributed. In it he reviews the reasons why the petition could not be granted, and does so without the least touch of imperiousness. The following extract from the circular will indicate the excellent way in which the question was dis-cussed : 
The rate of wages now paid in our works, so far as we are advised, fully equals, at least. the average of our competitors, and we shall always keep in that position, and to pay ma-terially more is a business impossibility. If I have made myself clear in this communica-tion it is that I am ready to adopt the eight-hour rule, either now or at any other time that it is desired by our employes, supple-menting the individual shortening of hours by the employment of another set of men and running sixteen hours whenever the state of trade would permit. On the subject of wages, I am compelled to decline your request for a fixed and general advance until there comes some change, now unforeseen, in the state of our trade to war-rant it. and when that comes it will be reit(Iily gritillod. It is duo to yoursolvem and to my ►el f, how,,v(ir, 10 14sty I hat, there arcs sun, minor 1,11111401H 111141 WI J11411101101 Of wages 
It has long been a subject of consideration with me in what way I could join with you in the ownership of property, and avoid the dis-asters that have seemed to follow many at-tempts at co-operation. The formation of our Allis Mutual Aid Society, two or three years ago, wherein employer and employe con-tribute equally to a fund for temporary aid, was a first step in this direction. Its success and benefit is now an assured fact. Without interfering with that Aid Society—which is only a voluntary association for temporary aid the time would seem to have come when we c, lld form a legal association for perma-nent investments with every prospect of suc-cess. During the last year I have formulated a plan for an " Allis Investment Association," in which we can also be equally interested, the details of which have been several times revised and re-written to meet suggestions by a committee of your number, and by our attorneys to ensure their legal status, and which details may be further revised in the future if found to be necessary. The sub-stance of the plan—which is all that is neces-sary here—is this : A written contract is en tered into between myself and each employe joining the association, wherein the employe agrees that a certain percentage—five per cent., more or less, as may be agreed—of his wages shall go to this investment fund, and I agree with him to invest precisely the same amount in the same fund at the same time, thus making the aggregate fund belong equally to employer and employes. This fund is to be managed by a board of directors from our works, chosen equally by yourselves and by myself, of which board I am a perma-nent member and president. In this way we have a fund in which we are equal owners, and equally responsible in its management, and secure the best judgment and greatest ability we jointly possess for the purpose. This fund, if the plan meets your approval and general adoption, is likely to be a large one in time, and its investment and use is left to the judgment of the board, and whether it is used in providing homes for members, in real estate investments, in interest-bearing securities, or in industrial works to be oper-ated in common, will be governed by the cur-rent of events, and in either case is practical co-operation. It would be extraordinary and unnatural for workmen dealt with in such a fair and open manner, with so much regard for their own welfare, to cause a strike or a lock-out. It is therefore nothing remarkable, in view of these two communications, that a meeting of employes was held April 13th, and' the ques-tions of wages and hours of labor satisfac-torily settled by the following resolution, which was signed by a eoninlittee of etil ployen 111111 by Mr. Allis and Su►erintendt.nt rtiwitt ititymihtmt 
part of the iron before it can be transmitted to the hulk of the bolt consequently a heavy 1low, drives the bolt before it and has very 1 le of the riveting effect. A heavy blow delivered upon a rivet will, by the same reasoning, cripple without upsetting it to an appreciable extent. 
Salesmen as Engineers. We have a letter from a correspondent complaining that by the representations and advice of a salesman from whom he bought an engine and boilers he has been induced to adopt an injudicious and expensive ar-rangement. He thinks salesmen who, acting as engineers, give bad advice, f h _mild be ex-posed. Our observations in this respect are that no reputable house will knowingly employ sales-men who purposely do this, and that as a rule they are in the habit of giving good advice according to the light they have. They cannot, in their own interest, afford to do otherwise. But it is a question that a buyer may well ask himself, how far he should be guided by the opinions of the man of whom he buys. And this is without reference to any question of honest intention, and, to a great extent, without reference to ability. It is hardly to be expected that a salesman can give the time necessary to a proper investiga-tion of all the points at issue, especially as after spending a good deal of time in investi-gating, some other party may make the sale. If then he were to render a bill for engineer-ing services, he would ruin his prospects as a salesman, and probably fail to get pay for his services besides. If after investigating and advising he makes a sale, it is supposed to be a fair business transaction, without margin for services. purely of an engineering charac-ter. If a salesman's hasty •judgment is taken as conclusive, we do not see but the conse-quences ought to be good-naturedly abided. by. Of course, this does not cover misrep-resentation of what he sells, but matters of judgment as to amount of power, its distribu-tion and arrangement. Transactions of such a character as provid-ing and arranging motive power are more satisfactory to both parties when they are be-tween tinme w110 equally understand such matters; If rc►aser for his part does not understand them, it is better that he *******************************************************************

•110 'I °rola() news VU., ,1111A/II, t ttilit41n. The Union News Company,`Now York, N. Y. The Washington News Company, Wasilingten, I). . The Western News Company, Chicago, III. The Williamsburgh News Co., Brooklyn, E. 1)., N. Y. 
SUBSCRIPTION. $2.50 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and Canada. $3.50 a year to Foreign Countries, postage prepaid. AD VERTISING. Transient, 35c. per line, each insertion. "Business Specials," 50c. a line. EDITORIAL ANNOUNCEMENTS. NV-Positively we will neither publish anything in our reading columns for pay or in consideration of advertising patronage. Those who wish to recommend their wares to our readers can do so as fully as they choose in our advertising columns, but our editorial opinions are not for sale. We give no premiums to secure either subscribers or advertisers. Gr-V- Every correspondent, in order to insure atten-tion, should give his full name and address, not for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. OM° We are not engaged in procuring patent rights, or in selling machinery, nor have we any pet scheme to advance, or hobby to ride. Mr' We invite correspondence from practical ma-chinists, engineers, inventors, draftsmen, and all those specially interested in the occupations we represent, on subjects pertaining to machinery. Nr" Subscribers can have the mailing address of their paper changed as often as they desire. Send both old and new addresses. Those who fail to receive their papers promptly will please notify us at once. 
NEW YORK, MAY 8, 1886. 
CONTENTS. 
Wheel and Pinion Cutting Engine Boring Fixture for Engine Lathes  Cultivation and Preparation of Sisal Hemp in Yucatan  Employers and Workmen  Slotting Tool—Handy Locomotive Kinks. By J  J. Bingley  Hydrostatic Pipe Making—ElectricCable Armor Rats. By Robert E Masters  Making Elbows, Bends and Branch Pipes in Loam. By S. Bolland  Railroad Shop Notes  Electricity for Practical Mechanics  How to Build a Railroad  Equipment of a Manual Training School   Horton's Embossing Press " And from All Crabbedness."  Steam Engines in the Pension Building  The Wrong Place to Economize  Putting a Foundry in the Second Story   Parallel for Machine Shop Use   Letters from Practical Men—Machine Shop Cost and Time Accounts. By C. A. Burton—Boring Deep Holes. By A. B. Landis—Driving Ven-tilating Fan. By E. Mansell.  A Business Weather Bureau  :Making Gear Patterns.—By F. W. Barrows  Auxiliary Steam Power in Sailing Vessels  Compound Engines for Stationary or Factory Purposes  -*fling the Eight Hour Problem in a Machine  he is al   , 9,s Engineers  ti3Orkmen for Inventions. is jars.     
PAGE   1 1 

 10 adopt, tlitt eight hour rule, either now or 0,1, !Lily other time that, it, is desired 1►y our employes, stipple molding the individual shortening Of hours by the employment of another set of men and running sixteen hours whenever the state of trade would permit. On the subject of wages, I am compelled to decline your request for a fixed and general advance until there comes some change, now unforeseen, in the state of our trade to war-rant it, and when that comes it will be readily granted. It is due to yourselves and to my-self, however, to say that there are some minor changes and adjustments of wages which are contemplated, especially with the lower priced, or common laborers, whose pay we think is proportionally less than others, and to whom a small advance will be made when the pending questions are settled. Should your request be imperative at this time, it could have but one result in the present state of the trade, and that would be the early closing of our works, for they can-not be run at the loss such advance would en-tail, and I shall enter into no contest with you. Should there be any feeling on your part that this advance should be made, irre-spective of the general condition of the trade and country, it would be well for you to be seeking other places and occupations, for our works would be certainly closed as soon as the few existing and low-priced contracts could be completed, until the times and con-ditions would justify their re-opening. Having said thus much upon the subject of your petition, I will ask your indulgence for a few general remarks, for the times are critical. It is not unknown to you that my sympathies are with the laboring classes, and I have for many years been conscientiously identified with what seemed to me, and still seems, the true movement for their permanent benefit. Labor has many wrongs to be righted, but the existing state of things is the growth of centuries, and its wrongs cannot be righted in a day or a year, and if no more rapid progress could be legitimately and peaceably made, we might be satisfied if each generation should be an adNance over the pre-ceding one. To attempt to hasten the time by violence or injustice, or disregard of natural law, is to approve eimilar methods in others, and its end vain, and its re-action sure and disastrous. In our republican form of government calm deliberation and the legal ballot is a greater power than hasty action and violence, and the combined intelligent influence and vote of the labor of the country would. rule its destiny, and it is that patient waiting and in-telligent influence and vote that is its hope and safety. 
A few days later Mr. Allis issued another circular to 17= employes, proposing a very practicaloint and keep-i_opented plan r an F 9 invest►   May plto. 
'16 

co operal It, would Is extraotdinui y and iiiiiiatntal fur workmen &nit with hi much a Nir and upon manner, with NO 1111101 regard rmr their own welfare, to cause a strike or 1L lock-out. It is therefore nothing remarkable, in view of these two communications, that a meeting of employes was held April 13th, and' the ques-tions of wages and hours of labor satisfac-torily settled by the following resolution, which was signed by a committee of em-ployes and by Mr. Allis and Superintendent Edwin Reynolds: Resolved, That it is the sense of this com-mittee, duly appointed by a meeting of the employes of Edw. P. Allis & Co. to settle the question of wages and hours of labor, that the best interest of the Reliance Works, both for employes and for employer, is to accept the adjustment of wages outlined by Mr. Allis, viz.: a small advance to the common laborer and an equalization to some few men who, in the opinion of our Superintendent, Mr. Reynolds, are not now paid proportion-ally to others, and also that we continue until the 1st of November upon the ten-hour plan, unless the eight-hour plan shall be earlier generally adopted, with the option at that time of adopting the eight-hour plan and eight-hour pay at the rate of wages then pre-vailing, and that we shall continue under this arrangement till at least the 1st of May, 1887, with the assurance in the meantime that the rate of wages paid us shall be equal to that paid by other establishments of the same kind and competitors of these works, and we hereby adopt the above plan for the employes of these works as a settlement of the ques-tion. We commend this logical plan of settling differences in industrial establishments to both employers and employed in every part of the country where differences are expected. It is better to discuss the whole situation freely—workmen on one hand and employers on the other—before any rupture is threatened. Then, in ninety-nine cases in a hundred, a mutually satisfactory understanding can be reached and labor troubles prevented. The starting of an investment fund is no necessary part of a settlement of the wages and hours of labor question, but in the case above noted it shows the willingness of the proprietor to aid in the advancement of all his employes. 
When driving out bolts with,-,--4 
for the thread, strike can, with the Light bit) s -tile bo't, 

you .ble. kn!rivet 514411 
n 3116n1.) I,''' '111.111 IM HIRAM 115 1.1►111,111►iiV1,, WO (10 1101, 1.1(41 l,llt, 1,110 cense-.111,,n►es ought to 101 good-naturedly abided by. or coarse, t his I l )OH not cover misrep-..,..milation of what, ho sells, but matters of judgment its to amount of power, its distribu-tion and arrangement. Transactions of such a character as provid-ing and arranging motive power are more satisfactory to both parties when they are be-tween those who equally understand such matters. If the purchaser for his part does not understand them, it is better that he represented by seine one who does. 
Re vi aiding Workmen for Inventions. 
English manufacturers are very generally coming to practice the giving of rewards to their workmen for improvements in tools, or in arrangements for doing work, in sums ranging from five to one hundred dollars. This, it appears to us, is an excellent plan, and one intended to bring out the best efforts of the individual workman. He is most com-petent to devise minor improvements in work-shop processes, and if suitably rewarded could afford to give thought to these matters. English manufacturers, in instances where the invention of an employe are worthy of a patent, stand ready to furnish the means upon previously-arranged tent's. When the invention is not considered worth patenting, it is paid for, as previously ex-plained, and those who continue in their inventions are encouraged by an extra reward after their fifth successful effort. This seems to be something that could be advantageously looked after in this country. 
• 41119., 
We notice that in England there is a spasm in favor of automatic car couplers very simi lar to that of a few months since in this country. If as little progress in deciding what coupler use is made 41-ere as here, 
they will - to tire / years to co ii easily settle\ S4 1,7;1 dollars and c, lives and IL t. '- companies nothing*, strated that an automatic ens saving device that would matt the number of men requh-ed th on a railroad, there would be mire° getting one adopted on every road and in England, As it is, 1-1–, is litt 
nethods for t could be one of few - 

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o
 Dec 10 1896 pg 447 spy camera                       Scientific American     the bored hole for shaft to a true vertical position, then draw a circle of the same diameter as wheel to be measured; on this lay off a certain part of the whole, making it as large as possible, and have the end of bucket cover it. Now measure vertically from the points that mark the ends of the space laid off on the circle. The difference in the height of the edge of bucket at these two points will be to the pitch as the space is to the whole circle. If the space is 3, of the circumference and the difference in the two measurements is one foot, the pitch is 12'. This is only for a straight pitch. 

Auxiliary Steam Power in Sailing Vessels. 
In our June 3, 1882 issue, we noted some observations regarding this subject, in the light of hopeful experiments that were then being made. A number of sailing vessels were then being equipped with auxiliary steam power and the promoters of the experi-ments looked for results, that, without inter-ference with the usual business of steamships, would point the way to an important and profitable addition to the American merchant marine. These experiments, according to our information gathered in shipping circles, have not resulted favorably, at least so far as sup-plying sailing vessels with auxiliary steam-power in the strict sense of the phrase is concerned. For useful information on this subject, we are indebted to Mr. Henry H. Sinclair, of New York, Captain George W. Tucker, Mr. James TI. Winchester, and other gentlemen. Capt. tucker informs us that his firm • are part owners in a sailing vessel which three years ago was equipped with auxiliary steam-imwer furnished by a prominent firm of marine et 'gill° builders. The vessel was full bark-rig-god, having three masts, with yards on two of them . She registered when equipped with aux-i I iary steam, 750 tons, with carrying capacity of about 1,150 tons. Her steam-plant consisted ►1 single-acting condensing engine, K'x30" cylinder, of about 175 nominal horse-power, and two boilers. The shaft was 8" in diameter, and 21' long. The trade she en-gaged in was regular trips between the ports of Now York and Buenos Ayres, South America, with oecnsional extensions of the trig) from tlm WW1' Dort to gild from RoNario. 
discharging at New York, while the $50 sav-ing in towage at Buenos Ayres accrued to the charterers and not to the ship :

SAVING BY USE OF AUXILIARY STEAM-POWER. 
Earning capacity of entire vessel, 1,150 tons, increased one-third by 30 days saved in running time, estimated worth $3,150 Saving in towage in and out of N. Y., average  60 Proportionate saving on use of steam, 2 trips to Rosario out of 5 voyages, average 5 days, estimated worth   $525 Less only cost of coal  90 
Making net  Estimated saving in wages of one man at sea  Saved on hoisting in port  Total saving in round trip $3,845 Balance in favor of auxiliary steam per voyage of 4,i mos  778 It will be noticed that the incidental Rosario trips account for most of the saving, and that cost of repairs has not yet entered into the comparison. This result, while showing a money balance in favor of auxiliary steam, was not regarded as sufficient to offset the extended overhauling and repairs, including replacement of boilers, that were sure to come. The steam plant was therefore removed and sold, the net result of the experiment being, of course, a loss. While the auxiliary steam-power employed in this vessel proved insufficient to be of much service in bad weather or on dangerous coasts, the vessel steamed readily 150 to 165 miles a day on several occasions during a calm. It was thought the propeller resist-ance hindered the ship from half a knot to one knot per hour, according to the fordo of the breeze. In further explanation, it should be said that, while the vessel could always get its cargo promptly at New York, the South American shippers could not be induced (doubtless, in some cases, were unable) to get their cargo made up any more promptly than in the case of an ordinary sailing vessel, the average stay in the South American port being 45 days. The remark was frequently made by shippers there that time was " no great object," and that the ship was " 1110 v11(411►04 storelionao" they could double engines, having 20" high pressure cylinder, 36" low pressure cylinder, and 30" stroke of both. Her boilers are two in number, and built after the latest Scotch pattern, being 10' 3" long and 8' diameter each. The engines and boilers were built by Neafie & Levy, of Philadelphia, have 410 nominal horse-power, and cost complete about $30,000. Under steam the coal con-sumption averages seven tons in 24 hours. It was believed that 450 tons of coal would be sufficient to run the vessel to the east coast of Africa and back, steaming on the average one-half the time. The steam department gives employment to six men, the total number of hands required on the vessel being 17. In addition to her steam plant, the Jeanie carries full power spars and canvass, having a four-masted schooner rig, with spars 90 feet long. The dimensions of the vessel are 186 feet keel, 38 feet beam and 18 feet hold. Her propeller is two bladed, with provision for placing perpendicularly when not in use While subsequent experience shows the Jeanie to be well adapted to the east African trade, the breaking out of the Zulu war and other financial troubles in that country prevented her from ever being employed in that service, and she was accordingly transferred to the trade between New York and the West Indies. Her trips are made under continuous steam, the sails being employed only as auxiliary, the course of the vessel Dever being varied in order to use them. While her owners would not have designed this vessel expressly for that service, her performance is entirely satisfactory, the vessel averaging more than two voyages to a sailing vessel's one. Had her owners proposed originally to build the Jeanie for West Indian trade, they would have augmented her steam power and given her less sail. Capt. Winchester estimates that the Jeanie'8 entire steam plant, including shaft and coal bunkers, occupies a cargo space equivalent to 1,000 barrels, worth $700 to $1,000 for the round trip to the West Indies. Even at " the present low rates for freight," the vessel makes more money for her owners than she could do under sail, in fact, making money where a sail vessel would lose it. While her owners would not consider such a vessel suited to the trade between New York and California, they believe she would be as adapted to ply between San lerancisco am builder of marine engines of our western lake service, that shows conclusively that with engines of 48" stroke, and 86 revolu-tions per minute, developing 800 horse-power, the gain by jacketing was less than 2; per cent.; less than $1.25 for each twenty-four hours, and calculating the actual running time in a year, the saving was about $180. The cost of the jackets was about $500, and the repairs on them in one year was $80, leaving a very small financial gain for a vast amount of trouble. The cost of coal on the lakes is from $2, to $2.50 per ton trimmed on board, but even if it were $4.50 per ton, a steam jacket under such circumstances would make a very small saving for the ship-master. The relative proportions of the steam cyl-inders of compound engines must be fixed according to the steam pressure and average point of cut off to be used. The usual pro-portion for 100 lbs. initial pressure is 31 y to 1 in area. The old proportion for a press-lire of 90 to 100 lbs. was 4 to 1 in area, the diameter of the low pressure cylinder being generally made twice the diameter of the high pressure cylinder. Continued practice, however, developed the fact that the terminal pressure in the low pressure cylinder was too low when this pro-portion was used, calculating of course from an economical point of cut off at the high pressure cylinder; the terminal often fell below three pounds, and six pounds is low enough for the final pressure, when it is re-leased to the condenser. Where there is no jacketing, a terminal of nine pounds will show about the same result as a jacket working with a low terminal, so I believe in a moderately high average press-ure in the low pressure cylinder, as its walls are then kept warm without the use of the jacket, and this system can be used with economy up to 600 horse-power, and I think the turning point showing any decided gain by jacketing will be found on engines de-veloping more than 700 horse-power. I have referred to the marine engine fre-quently in speaking of the compound system, as this service has developed this type of engine in many forms, after it was once abandoned by the best builders of stationary or land engines, and the marine engine build-o•t4 ar(1 very far in advance of the stationary engine builders of to-day. There are nimlerti ma•iml enginem now in ************************************************************************************************************************pg 7 bott

 our, according to the form, of' power furnished by IL prominent Il•in of marine engine builders. The vessel was full bark-rig-ged, having three masts, with yards on two of them . She registered when equipped with aux-iliary steam, 750 tons, with carrying capacity of about 1,150 tons. Her steam-plant consisted of a direct single-acting condensing engine, 18"x30" cylinder, of about 175 nominal horse-power, and two boilers. The shaft was 8" in diameter, and 21' long. The trade she en-gaged in was regular trips between the ports of New York and Buenos Ayres, South America, with occasional extensions of the trip from the latter port to and from Rosario, about 200 miles further up the Uruguay River. Kerosene oil, chairs and lumber were among the chief articles of freight out of New York, while hides formed an important Hein in the return cargo. In all, five round trips were made, the Rosario trip being added to two of them. Capt. Tucker says his running time for ten passages averaged 44 to 45 days, making three months running time for the round trip, with about six weeks additional spent in port, the entire voyage averaging 4 months, though one voyage recorded the ex-ceptional time of 3 months. The steam was only used when there was not wind enough for the sails, this occurring mostly in the tropics. Capt. Tucker believes the Buenos Ayres trade includes sufficient use for auxiliary steam to make it a very fair test for that method. On this basis, as compared with subsequent performances of the same vessel, after removal of her machinery, the expense of maintaining her auxiliary steam-power is summed up as follows, without charging anything to repairs : 


EXPENSE OF MAINTAINING AUXILIARY STEAM POWER. Cargo space displaced, 150 tons, valued at 13 cts. per cu. ft. out and of that rate back, estimated worth for the round trip, N. —;„ Buenos Ayres and return $1,225 Wages of engineer, assistant and 1 fire-ml.-n, total $165 per month, for 4 
742 Aug,. $4   700 ,-,t , of steam plant, 4; mos  300 l'ste and packing  100 stile  during round trip $3,067 
Against this should be set the following, no living being made in lighterage, loading or 
the breeze. In further explanation, it should be said that, while the vessel could always get its cargo promptly at New York, the South American shippers could not be induced (doubtless, in some cases, were unable) to get their cargo made up any more promptly than in the case of an ordinary sailing vessel, the average stay in the South American port being 45 days. The remark was frequently made by shippers there that time was " no great object," and that the ship was " the cheapest storehouse" they could find for their goods, their custom being to make drafts on consi2nees for the value of shipments as soon as made. This, in fact, appears to have been the chief cause of the virtual failure of the steam plant to render its use profitable. It is not doubted that the auxiliary steam would have been retained had its advantages at sea been supplemented on land by the facilities which were freely accorded to regular " steam-ers." This serious disadvantage was often further complicated by the impatience of con-signees in New York, who, misled by the words " auxiliary steam," looked upon the vessel as a " steamer," and expected steamer speed. Nor would South American shippers, while usually willing to accord the preference at the same rates, consent to allow the vessel any better than sailing vessel rates. As a matter of opinion merely, Capt. Tucker thinks schooner rigging would be preferabi for a vessel equipped with auxiliary steam. I to also thinks increasing the size of the vessel would be advantageous, thereby making the steam machinery occupy relatively less space. 

EQUAL STEAM AND SAIL POWER. An experiment of quite a different kind is found in the experience of the Jeanie, owned by J. H. Winchester & Co., of New York, the vessel having substantially what may be termed equal steam and sail power. During several years this firm had occasion to dis-patch a vessel every two months around the Cape of Good Hope to ports on the south-east coast of Africa. The trade being pros-perous, the firm concluded it would support two steam vessels, and the Jeanie was built with This end in view. Her registered ton-nage is 1,075, and her carrying capacity 1,600 tons, her steam equipment being sufficient to affoe full load in smooth water, with-out tf s a speed cr nine knots an them ' hour, nro-kicIPO )91-v; 
Capt. Winchester 4.slinintem Clint the entire steam plant, including shalt 1111d coal bunkers, occupies a cargo space equivalent to 1,000 barrels, worth $700 to $1,000 for the round trip to the West Indies. Even at " the present low rates for freight," the vessel makes more money for her owners than she could do under sail, in fact, making money where a sail vessel would lose it. While her owners would not consider such a vessel suited to the trade between New York and California, they believe she would be as well adapted to ply between San Francisco and the Sandwich Islands, as for the East African trade for which she was built. Altogether the experience afforded by this vessel seems to indicate a more satisfactory solution of the problem of combining steam and sail for long voyages, than has yet come to our notice. 
Compound Engines for Stationary or Factory Purposes.

 
BY WILLIAM H. HOFFMAN. THIRD PAPER. 
There are several reasons for compounding an engine ; one important reason is, that as the steam engine is a heat motor, the initial pressures can be as high as safety will permit, and lubricants will operate. There need be no trouble about any of the -,ackings, as they can all be metallic. These high pressures of steam keep it partially dry at least, and the cylinders hot, thus prevent-ing a large amount of cylinder condensa-tion. There is very little gain in compounding a steam engine if the initial steam pressure is to be below 85 lbs. After going to the extra expense of permanently separating the boiler from the condenser by the introduction of the intermediate high pressure cylinder, we must look for most of the other gains in the increased number of expansions, and to do this we must have an initial pressure of about 100 lbs.; this pressure will insure thirteen ex-pansions with the work well taken out of the steam. In practice I have found very little gain in jacketing cylinders with a diameter less than 18 inches for the high pressure, and 30 inches for the low pressure:.,!‘ie .e small engines in their jackets lieecled„ 41. f-
(I I think theNurning point sin ing an deci(1,(1 ►gain by jacketing will be found on engines de-veloping more than 700 horse-power. I have referred to the marine engine fre-quently in speaking of the compound system, as this service has developed thistype of engine in many forms, after it was once abandoned by the best builders of stationary or land engines, and the marine engine build-ers are very far in advance of the stationary engine builders of to-day. There are modern marine engines now in operation, developing from 750 to 850 horse-power, making an average of 165 revolutions per minute, receiving an initial pressure of 160 lbs., and having a piston speed of 675 feet per minute and running continuously for thirty hours with less fuel consumption than any stationary compound engine within my knowledge. Now if we should go to the stationary engine builder, with a specifica-tion covering a case like the above, and add that he must transmit this power through a shaft 8 or 9 inches in diameter, and 80 feet long, or more, he would probably say that we were asking him to build an engine under extraordinary conditions ; yet this is now con-sidered small work in the marine engine line. The marine engineers are still moving on in the perfection of the compound engine. The triple expansion system is now being in-troduced on vessels as small as 300 tons, with a decided saving in fuel over the two cylinder I compound. d t believe, however, that the three cylinder triple expansion system will show much saving on engines below 400 horse-power, but am confident that three engines working on one shaft, with cranks set at 130° give the best results as to the regularity of speed, and uniform strains on the main shaft. of the marine engine builders of this country have lately constructed boilers with shells 14 feet in diameter and calculated for a safe working pressure of 165 lbs. , and to be connected to triple expansion engines. The two vessels for the White Star Line just commenced by Messrs. Harlan & Wolffe, Belfast, Ireland, will have boilers to carry 165 lbs. of steam with perfect safety. The engines will be of the triple expansion type, and will be run at high rotative and piston speeds, being the most powerful yet dc,, signed. It is said these engines are something over 14,000 horse-power and yet all this energy is to be fastened to the hull of a vessel that v-"' offer anything but the rigid, foundatir' the landsman nearly always fin(' and,- 7 thi,soin, 

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Dec 19, 1895-pg 448 Scientfic  American.

 The bored hole for shaft to a true vertical position, then draw a circle of the same diameter as wheel to be measured; on this lay off a certain part of the whole, making it as large as possible, and have the end of bucket cover it. Now measure vertically from the points that mark the ends of the space laid off on the circle. The difference in the height of the edge of bucket at these two points will be to the pitch as the space is to the whole circle. If the space is 3, of the circumference and the difference in the two measurements is one foot, the pitch is 12'. This is only for a straight pitch. 

Auxiliary Steam Power in Sailing Vessels. 
In our June 3, 1882 issue, we noted some observations regarding this subject, in the light of hopeful experiments that were then being made. A number of sailing vessels were then being equipped with auxiliary steam power and the promoters of the experi-ments looked for results, that, without inter-ference with the usual business of steamships, would point the way to an important and profitable addition to the American merchant marine. These experiments, according to our information gathered in shipping circles, have not resulted favorably, at least so far as sup-plying sailing vessels with auxiliary steam-power in the strict sense of the phrase is concerned. For useful information on this subject, we are indebted to Mr. Henry H. Sinclair, of New York, Captain George W. Tucker, Mr. James TI. Winchester, and other gentlemen. Capt. tucker informs us that his firm • are part owners in a sailing vessel which three years ago was equipped with auxiliary steam-imwer furnished by a prominent firm of marine et 'gill° builders. The vessel was full bark-rig-god, having three masts, with yards on two of them . She registered when equipped with aux-i I iary steam, 750 tons, with carrying capacity of about 1,150 tons. Her steam-plant consisted ►1 single-acting condensing engine, K'x30" cylinder, of about 175 nominal horse-power, and two boilers. The shaft was 8" in diameter, and 21' long. The trade she en-gaged in was regular trips between the ports of Now York and Buenos Ayres, South America, with oecnsional extensions of the trig) from tlm WW1' Dort to gild from RoNario. 
discharging at New York, while the $50 sav-ing in towage at Buenos Ayres accrued to the charterers and not to the ship :

SAVING BY USE OF AUXILIARY STEAM-POWER. 
Earning capacity of entire vessel, 1,150 tons, increased one-third by 30 days saved in running time, estimated worth $3,150 Saving in towage in and out of N. Y., average  60 Proportionate saving on use of steam, 2 trips to Rosario out of 5 voyages, average 5 days, estimated worth   $525 Less only cost of coal  90 
Making net  Estimated saving in wages of one man at sea  Saved on hoisting in port  Total saving in round trip $3,845 Balance in favor of auxiliary steam per voyage of 4,i mos  778 It will be noticed that the incidental Rosario trips account for most of the saving, and that cost of repairs has not yet entered into the comparison. This result, while showing a money balance in favor of auxiliary steam, was not regarded as sufficient to offset the extended overhauling and repairs, including replacement of boilers, that were sure to come. The steam plant was therefore removed and sold, the net result of the experiment being, of course, a loss. While the auxiliary steam-power employed in this vessel proved insufficient to be of much service in bad weather or on dangerous coasts, the vessel steamed readily 150 to 165 miles a day on several occasions during a calm. It was thought the propeller resist-ance hindered the ship from half a knot to one knot per hour, according to the fordo of the breeze. In further explanation, it should be said that, while the vessel could always get its cargo promptly at New York, the South American shippers could not be induced (doubtless, in some cases, were unable) to get their cargo made up any more promptly than in the case of an ordinary sailing vessel, the average stay in the South American port being 45 days. The remark was frequently made by shippers there that time was " no great object," and that the ship was " 1110 v11(411►04 storelionao" they could double engines, having 20" high pressure cylinder, 36" low pressure cylinder, and 30" stroke of both. Her boilers are two in number, and built after the latest Scotch pattern, being 10' 3" long and 8' diameter each. The engines and boilers were built by Neafie & Levy, of Philadelphia, have 410 nominal horse-power, and cost complete about $30,000. Under steam the coal con-sumption averages seven tons in 24 hours. It was believed that 450 tons of coal would be sufficient to run the vessel to the east coast of Africa and back, steaming on the average one-half the time. The steam department gives employment to six men, the total number of hands required on the vessel being 17. In addition to her steam plant, the Jeanie carries full power spars and canvass, having a four-masted schooner rig, with spars 90 feet long. The dimensions of the vessel are 186 feet keel, 38 feet beam and 18 feet hold. Her propeller is two bladed, with provision for placing perpendicularly when not in use While subsequent experience shows the Jeanie to be well adapted to the east African trade, the breaking out of the Zulu war and other financial troubles in that country prevented her from ever being employed in that service, and she was accordingly transferred to the trade between New York and the West Indies. Her trips are made under continuous steam, the sails being employed only as auxiliary, the course of the vessel Dever being varied in order to use them. While her owners would not have designed this vessel expressly for that service, her performance is entirely satisfactory, the vessel averaging more than two voyages to a sailing vessel's one. Had her owners proposed originally to build the Jeanie for West Indian trade, they would have augmented her steam power and given her less sail. Capt. Winchester estimates that the Jeanie'8 entire steam plant, including shaft and coal bunkers, occupies a cargo space equivalent to 1,000 barrels, worth $700 to $1,000 for the round trip to the West Indies. Even at " the present low rates for freight," the vessel makes more money for her owners than she could do under sail, in fact, making money where a sail vessel would lose it. While her owners would not consider such a vessel suited to the trade between New York and California, they believe she would be as adapted to ply between San lerancisco am builder of marine engines of our western lake service, that shows conclusively that with engines of 48" stroke, and 86 revolu-tions per minute, developing 800 horse-power, the gain by jacketing was less than 2; per cent.; less than $1.25 for each twenty-four hours, and calculating the actual running time in a year, the saving was about $180. The cost of the jackets was about $500, and the repairs on them in one year was $80, leaving a very small financial gain for a vast amount of trouble. The cost of coal on the lakes is from $2, to $2.50 per ton trimmed on board, but even if it were $4.50 per ton, a steam jacket under such circumstances would make a very small saving for the ship-master. The relative proportions of the steam cyl-inders of compound engines must be fixed according to the steam pressure and average point of cut off to be used. The usual pro-portion for 100 lbs. initial pressure is 31 y to 1 in area. The old proportion for a press-lire of 90 to 100 lbs. was 4 to 1 in area, the diameter of the low pressure cylinder being generally made twice the diameter of the high pressure cylinder. Continued practice, however, developed the fact that the terminal pressure in the low pressure cylinder was too low when this pro-portion was used, calculating of course from an economical point of cut off at the high pressure cylinder; the terminal often fell below three pounds, and six pounds is low enough for the final pressure, when it is re-leased to the condenser. Where there is no jacketing, a terminal of nine pounds will show about the same result as a jacket working with a low terminal, so I believe in a moderately high average press-ure in the low pressure cylinder, as its walls are then kept warm without the use of the jacket, and this system can be used with economy up to 600 horse-power, and I think the turning point showing any decided gain by jacketing will be found on engines de-veloping more than 700 horse-power. I have referred to the marine engine fre-quently in speaking of the compound system, as this service has developed this type of engine in many forms, after it was once abandoned by the best builders of stationary or land engines, and the marine engine build-o•t4 ar(1 very far in advance of the stationary engine builders of to-day. There are nimlerti ma•iml enginem now in ************************************************************************************************************************pg 7 bott

 "'an' ono knot per hour, according to the form, of' power furnished by IL prominent Il•in of marine engine builders. The vessel was full bark-rig-ged, having three masts, with yards on two of them . She registered when equipped with aux-iliary steam, 750 tons, with carrying capacity of about 1,150 tons. Her steam-plant consisted of a direct single-acting condensing engine, 18"x30" cylinder, of about 175 nominal horse-power, and two boilers. The shaft was 8" in diameter, and 21' long. The trade she en-gaged in was regular trips between the ports of New York and Buenos Ayres, South America, with occasional extensions of the trip from the latter port to and from Rosario, about 200 miles further up the Uruguay River. Kerosene oil, chairs and lumber were among the chief articles of freight out of New York, while hides formed an important Hein in the return cargo. In all, five round trips were made, the Rosario trip being added to two of them. Capt. Tucker says his running time for ten passages averaged 44 to 45 days, making three months running time for the round trip, with about six weeks additional spent in port, the entire voyage averaging 4 months, though one voyage recorded the ex-ceptional time of 3 months. The steam was only used when there was not wind enough for the sails, this occurring mostly in the tropics. Capt. Tucker believes the Buenos Ayres trade includes sufficient use for auxiliary steam to make it a very fair test for that method. On this basis, as compared with subsequent performances of the same vessel, after removal of her machinery, the expense of maintaining her auxiliary steam-power is summed up as follows, without charging anything to repairs : 


EXPENSE OF MAINTAINING AUXILIARY STEAM POWER. Cargo space displaced, 150 tons, valued at 13 cts. per cu. ft. out and of that rate back, estimated worth for the round trip, N. —;„ Buenos Ayres and return $1,225 Wages of engineer, assistant and 1 fire-ml.-n, total $165 per month, for 4 
742 Aug,. $4   700 ,-,t , of steam plant, 4; mos  300 l'ste and packing  100 stile  during round trip $3,067 
Against this should be set the following, no living being made in lighterage, loading or 
the breeze. In further explanation, it should be said that, while the vessel could always get its cargo promptly at New York, the South American shippers could not be induced (doubtless, in some cases, were unable) to get their cargo made up any more promptly than in the case of an ordinary sailing vessel, the average stay in the South American port being 45 days. The remark was frequently made by shippers there that time was " no great object," and that the ship was " the cheapest storehouse" they could find for their goods, their custom being to make drafts on consi2nees for the value of shipments as soon as made. This, in fact, appears to have been the chief cause of the virtual failure of the steam plant to render its use profitable. It is not doubted that the auxiliary steam would have been retained had its advantages at sea been supplemented on land by the facilities which were freely accorded to regular " steam-ers." This serious disadvantage was often further complicated by the impatience of con-signees in New York, who, misled by the words " auxiliary steam," looked upon the vessel as a " steamer," and expected steamer speed. Nor would South American shippers, while usually willing to accord the preference at the same rates, consent to allow the vessel any better than sailing vessel rates. As a matter of opinion merely, Capt. Tucker thinks schooner rigging would be preferabi for a vessel equipped with auxiliary steam. I to also thinks increasing the size of the vessel would be advantageous, thereby making the steam machinery occupy relatively less space. 

EQUAL STEAM AND SAIL POWER. An experiment of quite a different kind is found in the experience of the Jeanie, owned by J. H. Winchester & Co., of New York, the vessel having substantially what may be termed equal steam and sail power. During several years this firm had occasion to dis-patch a vessel every two months around the Cape of Good Hope to ports on the south-east coast of Africa. The trade being pros-perous, the firm concluded it would support two steam vessels, and the Jeanie was built with This end in view. Her registered ton-nage is 1,075, and her carrying capacity 1,600 tons, her steam equipment being sufficient to affoe full load in smooth water, with-out tf s a speed cr nine knots an them ' hour, nro-kicIPO )91-v; 
Capt. Winchester 4.slinintem Clint the entire steam plant, including shalt 1111d coal bunkers, occupies a cargo space equivalent to 1,000 barrels, worth $700 to $1,000 for the round trip to the West Indies. Even at " the present low rates for freight," the vessel makes more money for her owners than she could do under sail, in fact, making money where a sail vessel would lose it. While her owners would not consider such a vessel suited to the trade between New York and California, they believe she would be as well adapted to ply between San Francisco and the Sandwich Islands, as for the East African trade for which she was built. Altogether the experience afforded by this vessel seems to indicate a more satisfactory solution of the problem of combining steam and sail for long voyages, than has yet come to our notice. 
Compound Engines for Stationary or Factory Purposes.

 
BY WILLIAM H. HOFFMAN. THIRD PAPER. 
There are several reasons for compounding an engine ; one important reason is, that as the steam engine is a heat motor, the initial pressures can be as high as safety will permit, and lubricants will operate. There need be no trouble about any of the -,ackings, as they can all be metallic. These high pressures of steam keep it partially dry at least, and the cylinders hot, thus prevent-ing a large amount of cylinder condensa-tion. There is very little gain in compounding a steam engine if the initial steam pressure is to be below 85 lbs. After going to the extra expense of permanently separating the boiler from the condenser by the introduction of the intermediate high pressure cylinder, we must look for most of the other gains in the increased number of expansions, and to do this we must have an initial pressure of about 100 lbs.; this pressure will insure thirteen ex-pansions with the work well taken out of the steam. In practice I have found very little gain in jacketing cylinders with a diameter less than 18 inches for the high pressure, and 30 inches for the low pressure:.,!‘ie .e small engines in their jackets lieecled„ 41. f-
(I I think theNurning point sin ing an deci(1,(1 ►gain by jacketing will be found on engines de-veloping more than 700 horse-power. I have referred to the marine engine fre-quently in speaking of the compound system, as this service has developed this type of engine in many forms, after it was once abandoned by the best builders of stationary or land engines, and the marine engine build-ers are very far in advance of the stationary engine builders of to-day. There are modern marine engines now in operation, developing from 750 to 850 horse-power, making an average of 165 revolutions per minute, receiving an initial pressure of 160 lbs., and having a piston speed of 675 feet per minute and running continuously for thirty hours with less fuel consumption than any stationary compound engine within my knowledge. Now if we should go to the stationary engine builder, with a specifica-tion covering a case like the above, and add that he must transmit this power through a shaft 8 or 9 inches in diameter, and 80 feet long, or more, he would probably say that we were asking him to build an engine under extraordinary conditions ; yet this is now con-sidered small work in the marine engine line. The marine engineers are still moving on in the perfection of the compound engine. The triple expansion system is now being in-troduced on vessels as small as 300 tons, with a decided saving in fuel over the two cylinder I compound. d t believe, however, that the three cylinder triple expansion system will show much saving on engines below 400 horse-power, but am confident that three engines working on one shaft, with cranks set at 130° give the best results as to the regularity of speed, and uniform strains on the main shaft. of the marine engine builders of this country have lately constructed boilers with shells 14 feet in diameter and calculated for a safe working pressure of 165 lbs. , and to be connected to triple expansion engines. The two vessels for the White Star Line just commenced by Messrs. Harlan & Wolffe, Belfast, Ireland, will have boilers to carry 165 lbs. of steam with perfect safety. The engines will be of the triple expansion type, and will be run at high rotative and piston speeds, being the most powerful yet dc,, signed. It is said these engines are something over 14,000 horse-power and yet all this energy is to be fastened to the hull of a vessel that v-"' offer anything but the rigid, foundatir' the landsman nearly always fin(' and,- 7 thi,soin, 

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 Decebber 19, 1896 Scientific American pg  448   

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. 
Engineering. WATER TUBE BOILER.—Charles Ed-gerton, Philadelphia, Pa. This is an improvement in high pressure boilers in which tubes are entered into the flattened side of a cylindrical drum, two sets of water tubes being connected with the drum, one for down-ward and the other for upward circulation. A series of narrow braces is arranged on the inside of the flat por-tion of the boiler between the tubes, and broad U-shaped braces are arranged in the same relation to the drum, but receiving between flanges the tubes for the downward circulation. The braces are of peculiar shape, are of one piece of metal without seam or weld, and are pressed into shape, their flat surface being very thor• oughly stayed without the use of stay bolts. They also serve the purpose of strengthening the drum longitudi-nally and in all other directions. BOILER FURNACE.—Dudley D. Flem-ing, Jersey City, N. J. This furnace is designed to con-tain many times the volume of fuel now used, and have a reduced grate area, maintaining a slower generation of the gases, by means of a regulated primary air supply and the combination therewith of water vapor. The combustible hydrogen and carbonic oxide gases are sub-jected to contact in properly constructed combustion chambers with a regulated secondary air supply, convert-ing them into water and carbonic acid gas, a reaction which is continued to the point of escape in the chim-ney. The furnace is constructed in a series of sections, to be alternately charged or cleaned, always maintaining sufficient heat to ignite the gases in contact with the se-condary air supply, or, when bituminous coal is used, to consume the carbon vapor or smoke. 
Railway Appliances. CAR COUPLING.—Thomas Pales, Bridgeport, Cal. This invention relates to couplings of the pin and link type, which may be arranged to auto-matically couple meeting cars, the uncoupling being effected from the side, so that the trainmen need not go between the cars. The drawhead has a throat above which is a slot provided with link-holding devices, while movable on a vertical axis in a horizontal recess is an arm with one end projecting into the throat to engage the top of the link, the other end of. the arm extending out-wardly. The common link and pin coupling may be readily changed into one of the improved form, and cars provided with the old couplings may be used together with such as have the improvement. METALLIC TIE. — John S. Mitchell, Greelisborough, Md. This tie comprises two casings, connected by crossed binding rods and a clamp, each casing having an arched or hemispherical top with down-wardly extending flange embedded in the ground. Each casing has in its upper surface a man hole through which it may be packed with earth, and in the center of its top is .a longitudinal recess to receive a strip of hard rubber on which rests the base of the rail, held in position by clam ping plates. CONT11.01,14INti CAR OATES lelt(►M 'ME ;-4►•11, A_ Crone. Nett Pori: (.11V. A1.1.4)rdillit 
struction, and may be run in either direction without danger of disconnecting the links. . CONFECTIONERY MACHINE. — Simeon J. Hicks, Chicago, Ill. This is a machine more espe-cially designed for forming wafers or patties in a cheap and economical manner. A hopper in the frame of the machine has chambers for the passage of the moulded articles, there being a main shaft journaled above the hopper and plungers movable in the chambers of the hopper, a spring moving the plungers in one direction and cams on the shaft moving them in the other direction. The machine is of simple construction, and arranged to be readily taken apart for cleaning and repairs. METER. John H. Dixon, Marietta, Ohio. This invention relates to meters having flexible diaphragms and valves controlling the inflow and outflow of the liquid, and comprises a measuring chamber in which the diaphragm is secured, a valve controlling the inflow and outflow, and a telescop. ing stem connected with the diaphragm, while a lever pivotally connected with a member of the stem has a spear-shaped end engaged by a spring-pressed arm, there being a connection between the lever and the valve rod. By the up and down movement of the telescoping stem the lever is set in motion to actuate the registering device to indicate the amount of gas or other fluid dis-charged. MUSICAL INSTRUMENT. — Henry E. Hibsham, New York City. In auto-harps, this invention provides a system of key-operated levers which normally act to mute the strings. There is a locking device for each series of rows of keys by which, when one or more keys are manipulated to raise certain levers from certain strings, the levers will be held in their upper position automatically until other keys of the same series are pressed, when the levers held raised will be automati-cally released, and the levers last raised locked in elevated position. MEANS FOR SOUNDING COMBS —Alfred Herrling, Jersey City, N. J. In musical instruments using combs to produce the desired tones, this invention provides improved means for sounding the teeth of the combs to produce soft and melodious tones and com-pletely obviate the harsh, metallic sounds caused by pick-ing the combs as heretofore. The instrument comprises a comb, and reeds or like vibrators having felted or cush-ioned portions arranged to intermittently engage the teeth of the comb, the vibrators being actuated by press-ing on a key which opens a valve connected with an opening in the wind chest. MANIFOLD CASH SALES BOOK. —3011.11 H. Murphy, New York City. This book has a flexible back with stiffening strip engaged by side arms, which open to permit the entire back to swing downward for inserting new leaves. The leaves are transversely per-forated near the middle, a spring.pressed bar holding the leaves and a transfer sheet in place. The book is designedito enable a salesman to quickly and conveniently write out a duplicate sales slip on a doubled-up leaf and remove it lb Separate parts from the book, making an t ry of each sale. 
the striker, and to the other end of the plate is attached a chain carrying a key ring and having at its outer end a hook. When the plate is placed in position and the door closed, the 'chain is extended around the shank of the door knob, and the hook is made to engage one of its links, preventing the opening of the door until the hook is disengaged. TROUSERS PRESSER AND STRETCHIER. —Robert B. Colley, St. Heliers, Island of Jersey. This device comprises a pair of presser boards with metal cross bars which enable pressure to be applied by wing nuts screwing on coupling screws hinged to one set of cross bars and engaging slots in the ends of the other set of cross bars. The lower board is a single piece, but the upper board is in three separate portions, two narrow end clamping portions serving to hold the garment stretched and a long intermediate presser portion. BRUSH CLEANER.—Theodore L. Hai-, low, Gardner, Mass. This is a device adapted to be placed as a fixture in mucilage bottles, etc., and so shaped that both sides of the brush and one of its verti-cal edges may be cleaned simultaneously by simply drawing the brush through a portion of the cleaner. The device is preferably made of a single piece of round wire, to fit in a groove at the bottom of the neck of the bottle, and comprises two loops connected by a cross bar, there being downwardly extending parallel cleaning sec-tions at one side of the cross bar and a bowed section in the same plane as the loops. V E N DING DEVICE. —George 0. Ranson, Portland,. Oregon. This is a device in which the re-. ceptacle repreSents a human face with eye and mouth openings. there being movable eyeballs and detachable teeth, the latter connected with the eyeballs and with packages of merchandise, so that as a tooth is drawn the eyeballs express pain and return to their normal position on the detachment of a package of merchandise, the latter. being drawn through the mouth opening. The device is designed to afford amusement to children while making a purchase. MUCILAGE BOTTLE.—Stephen 0. Tres-cott, Pittsburg, Kansas. This is a bottle designed to discharge the mucilage in such a manner as to dispense with a brush, and may be employed to apply the mu-cilage with great nicety, either in a narrow line or a broad band. The body of the bottle is of rubber or similar material, and has a wedgelike tip to act as a sub-stitute for a brush, with an outlet for the passage of the mucilage when the body is compressed. PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE HOLDER. — Matthias Damming, Newark, N. J., and Frank Moniot, New York City. This is a holder which enables the operator to accurately adjust the screen relatively to the sensitive plate, according to the nature of the object to be photographed, and comprises a main frame adapted to receive a negative auxiliary frame movable toward and from the negative and having inclined slots, pins sliding in the main frame engaging the slots of the auxiliary frame, and lazy tongs in the latter frame hav-ing holders for a screen plate. The shifting devices for the screen plate extend through the frame to the out-side.inner bent perforated portions through which the return portion of the cord is passed, the pressing inward on the arms by the thumb and finger bringing the perfora-tions in line and permitting the cord to run freely, while the cord is locked when the pressure on the arms is re-leased. VEHICLE RUNNING GEAR.—Benjamin F. Haldeman, Pittsburg, Pa. For farm, coal and similar wagons, this invention provides a substitute for the rigid reach o•dhutrily used to connect, the front and rear axles. it is particularly applicable to wagons having a rear platform spring, and consists of an inverted U-shaped lever and links connected with the rear axle and fifth wheel, it spring rigidly seeti•ed to the fifth wheel being flexibly connected at its rear end with the lever. The improvement is self-adjusting to the load and allows the front wheels to be turned under the body. GATE.—Albert Davison, Belvidere, 111. This is a farm gate which may be readily lifted to set it above the snow or to let small animals pass through, and such adjustment may be easily effected without de-taching any of the operating parts, the bolt seats per-mitting its latching and unlatching at different vertical adjustments. The several parts for raising and letting down the gate are arranged to operate without opening or slmtting it., facilitating the work of farmers in sepa-rating small from large stock. GATE LArrcn.---William J. Hays, Deca-tur, Ill. In combination with a gate having a vertical bar and a keeper at its free edge, according to this im-provement, are two latches pivoted to the ends of the bar and projecting beyond the front end of the gate to en-gage the strikes, while a lever pivoted at its lower end to the inner end of the lower latch carries a pin which overhangs the inner end of the upper latch, the upper end of the lever engaging a cross wire to lock the two latches. it►1,1,KR SKATE.—(ieorge T. Bond, To-peka, Kansas. The skate, according • to this improve-ment, is made with a, single roller, some six inches high or the•enhont, and having a huh, wir, spokes and a pnenthritic tire. A supporting frame With site uprights, braces and leg strap are 'designed to give efficient support to the leg and ankle of the Aku,ter, the improved skate being adapted for general ►nt-of-door use. FRUIT DRIER. — Arthur 11. Shearer, Arroyo I;rande,C41. According ho this invention, a main compartment is provided II ith end doors and a track between for th8 trny cars, there being at one side of the tack a condensing wall or partition cooled by a water spray and a blast of cool air, while, a fan forces hot air from a heater or furnace across the track space and its fruit laden cars against the condenser wall. A blower is provided for withdrawing the air from the dry-ing chamber and returning it to the furnace. The cars are provided with a .horizontally turning rack adapted to receive any desired number of fruit trays. BEDSTEAD JOINT. —Daniel 1). Curtis, Sidney Center, N. Y. This is a bed rail fastener de-signed to be very secure and without vertical or lateral motion, taking also the weight of the rail ,front the screws attaching the body of the fastener to the rail. 

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With Such as have the improvement. METALLIC TIE. John S. Mitchell, Greensborough, Md. This tie comprises two casings, connected by crossed binding rods and a clamp, each casing having an arched or hemispherical top with down-wardly extending flange embedded in the ground. Each casing has in its upper surface a man hole through which it may be packed with earth, and in the center of its top is a longitudinal recess to receive a strip of hard rubber on which rests the base of the rail, held in position by clamping plates.

CONTROLLING CAR GATES FROM THE ENGINE.-Seth A. Crone, New York City. According to this improvement one or two lines of pipe connect the plat-forms of the several cars of a train,with the main air reser-voir on the locomotive, where there is a valve under the control of the engineer, to enable him to control, by means of suitable devices, the gates on each platform, opening those on one side while the others remain closed. Each of the gates may be readily opened and closed by an attendant on the car. The improvement is designed to be especially advantageous on elevated railroad trains, although it may be applied to all kinds of gates and doors. 
Electrical.

BICYCLE ELECTRIC LIGHT. —Frallei.S-E. Magee, Brooklyn, N. Y. In a suitable casing, secured to the rear fork of a bicycle frame, according to this im-provement, is a generator whose armaturelis revolved by a band from a grooved wheel on the hub of the rear wheel of the bicycle, the device adding but very little to the weight of the bicycle, and generating a light of normal candle power when the rider is going at only a moderate speed, the generator being connected to a lamp on the front fork. The connections and windings of the two armature sections are arranged in the same direction, and a simple mechanism is provided whereby the cur-rent may be cut off or governed to prevent fluctuations or the burning out of a lamp.

ELECTRIC LAMP. —This is a further in-vention of the same inventor providing a lamp for trav-eling vehicles that will produce a strong and brilliant light, and in which the focus may be easily and quickly -adjustad. It comprises a metal casing with lens in its for-ward end, a longitudinally adjustable reflector carrying an incandescent lamp socket, and means for effecting the adjustments and carrying the current to the lamp. All the metal parts are preferably made of aluminum. ANNUNCIATOR DROP.--Williain wa-german, Yonkers, N. Y. This is a drop which, in its elevated or normal position, will not be discharged from its support when the annunciator is subjected to severe or constant jar or violent agitation, as in its elevated position the di-op rests on the heads of the armatures and they form an effective lock. The armature is of the twin type, and so arranged as to automatically pass to locking engagement with the drop when the latter is raised. When the magnet is energized, it attracts the armatures to bring them together and free the drop. 
Miscellaneous.

GRAIN ELEVATOR. —Jam es D. Ream and Moses Lewis, Broken Row, Neb. This invention provides a construction designed to relieve the buckets of surplus grain, and to permit of charging the casing with surplus grain without removing the latter from the cas-ing. The elevator has the usual elevating buckets, and there are relief chambers on opposite sides of the grain receiving compartment, each chamber having an inlet and an outlet gate to connect the interior of the chambers with the casing. The sprocket chains are of novel con-
iopening in the wind elteat. MANIFOLD CASH SA LES 1300K.---J H. Murphy, New York City. This book has a flexible back with stiffening strip engaged by side arms, which open to permit the entire back to swing downward for inserting new leaves. The leaves are transversely per-forated near the middle, a spring-pressed bar holding the leaves and a transfer sheet in place. The book is designedito enable a salesman to quickly and conveniently write out a duplicate sales slip on a doubled-up leaf and remove it in Separate parts from the book, making an entry of each sale.

WASHING MACHINE.— Joseph La-chance, Little Falls, Minn. The body of this machine is in the form of an elongated suds box, within which are rubbing slats extending over the sides, bottom and top, and at one side of the inlet opening is a bar on which a wringer may be fastened. The body is pivotally supported on a rack or frame, to which are pivoted oppositely arranged levers, arms of which engage opposite ends of the suds box and are connected with treadles, and by working the levers the body is rocked, moving the clothes in contact with the rubbing slats until the cleansing is effected. SPRING. —Alexander C. Bell, New Alex-andria, Pa. This is an improvement which may be char-acterized as a " jolt receiver," and is applicable to bug-gies, carriages. cars, ambulances, bicycles, beds, car and school seats, etc. The invention comprises a support to which the springs proper are held, while a lever having sliding connection with the support has rigid arms ex-tending over the springs, links connected with the lever arms extending through the springs proper. The con-struction obviates a solid center and furnishes a yielding spring bearing at all points: PEN OR PENCIL HOLDER.—Edward G. Wickwire, Larned, Kansas. This is a holder adapted to be readily applied to any article of wearing apparel, with-out injury to the garment. It is made of a single piece of spring wire bent to form an X-shank, a coil at the upper end of each member and pins extending down-ward at the rear, the wire being also bent at its lower ends into coils. The holder has clamping sections to hold the pen or pencil in upright position, and keepers are provided for the pins, rendering them safety pins. STAMPING OUT CARTONS, ETC.—Ar-thur Friedheim, Berlin, Germany. This invention pro-vides a device for making beveled edged photographic mounts and similar articles, the bevel being made at the same time the cards are cut from the sheet. From a plate attached to a vertically moving plunger or die are pivotally suspended a number of knife holders, the knives being arranged diagonally so that the cutters incline out-wardly, and cut the material obliquely on the descent of the plunger. SASH HOLDER.—Charles H. Beer and Charles H. Beer, Jr. (the Charles Manufacturing Com-pany, 317 East 125th Street, New York City). This is a device for preventing the rattling of window sashes, and consists of a spring rod bent at its middle to form a transverse coil, its terminals being adapted to engage the upper and lower sashes of a window, while the coil bears against a portion of the window frame. The device is extremely simple and inexpensive, and operates to push the upper sash outward against the outer bead of the window frame, pushing also the top rail of the inner sash outward against the lower rail of the top sash. DOOR SECURER AND KEY RING CHAIN. —George F. Bailey, Peabody, Mass. This is a simple device for readily locking a door in closed position or supporting a key ring chain from a trousers button. An oval plate with elongated opening to hook onto a button has at one end a flange adapted to engage the opening of 
I'lloTO1 I II A * I I IC PLATit lit) 1,1 -- Matthias Vitinintang, N it., told 1.1-511k Mtalkol. New yoeit City. This Is a holder %yid, h eeabiea the operatA►r to accurately adjust Ili ermat 11•111II Iv lite sensitive plate, according to the nature of Ihr ohleel to be photographed, and comprImea it main frIIIIII, to receive a negative auxiliary frame !envy hla toward and from the negative and having Inclined slots, 015 sliding in the main frame engaging the slot. of the auxiliary frame, and lazy tongs in the latter frame hav-ing holders for a screen'plate. The shifting devices for the screen plate extend through the frame to the out-aide. NECK STRAP FOR HORSES.—Reuben F. Newman, mailltsquan, N. J. This is a strap having a portion to extend around the neck of a horse, with a leader or hitching strap extending therefrom, but in-' stead of the ordinary ring and snap hook attachment, there is a ring at one end of the neck portion, and the connection between the neck and hitching portion forms a stop for the movement of the ring in one direc-tion, while a spring stop limits the movement of the ring in the opposite direction, the hitching portion being wholly separated from the ring. MAKING ALUMINATE. —Dmitry A. PO-niakoff, Huy, Belgium. This invention is for a process for producing alkaline aluminates and chlorine by heat-ing a substance containing alumina in the presence of an alkaline sulphate and sulphuret, the sulphurous acid gas obtained being mixed with oxygen and then brought in contact with alkaline chloride, to produce chlorine and alkaline sulphate. The whole process is very simple, and has also been patented in many foreign countries. BICYCLE SKIRT. —Julius N. Lewinson, New York City. This is an improvement in divided skirts and trousers combined, according to which the rear portion of the skirt is so made that it may, for a portion of the distance from the waistband down, be readily opened, and when the opening is closed an apron will cover the skirt opening, so. that the skirt .at the back upper portion will have the appearance of an or-dinary walking skirt. A WNING.—C- harles A. and William] E. Metzger, Rutland, Vt. This invention provides simple and inexpensive means for hanging an awning, the hanging devices not being removed when the awning is disconnected from its support. The devices do not de-tract from the appearance of the awning, and when the latter- is drawn up its folds do not interfere with the pulley through which the draw rope passes. The inven-tion also provides hangers especially adapted for attach-ment to a rod used as a support for the awning, the hangers being attachable at any point on the rod and readily attached or removed. FISH NET LIFTING DEVICE.—JOhn W. Atwood, Malden, Mass. This is a lifting machine for taking up nets, trawls, or set lines or ropes, and consists principally of a revoluble drum carrying at its periphery clamps adapted to engage the net or line and release it after drawing it a suitable distance. Each clamp con-sists of an elastic block whose top is engaged by an ad-justable plate, while a movable block directly opposite is actuated by a lever pivoted on the drum. The drum carrying shaft is revolved by an engine or other motor, and a revolving brush removes the line or net from the clamps as soon as they open. PLUMB SUPPORT. —John H. Weir, New York City. This is a device for the use of masons, car-penters, etc , to permit of quickly lowering the bob without imparting to it a swinging motion. Within a suitable casing adapted to be held in one hand, and hav-ing at its lower end a lug to which one end of the cord is attached, are two outwardly springing arms having 
tha AIWA 4 e4ti111/modmi Willi np partillist eooied 11v II P140:70 4 41:1140 alt ,1 114. (`MO loiden 1,1111 1.►1111011/44•1* Min. A II►1I110, rill' WItheli,111011114 the air from the dry-thanther and haunting It 'to,the frirnnee, The cars ►r..vided with a Is turning rack adapted to rvecIVI, stny desired wee►•r ►f fruit traye. BliPSTRAD JOINT. D. Curtis, Sidney Center, N. Y. This is a. bed rail fastener de-signed to be very secure and without vertical or lateral motion, taking also the weight of the rail from the screws attaching the body of the fastener to the rail. it is preferably made of metal, and has rear openings or apertures and forward hooks. to enter sockets in the head and foot boards, and the bottom of the body is provided with two or more horizontal flanges, which are preferably integral with the body and struck up therefrom. FOLDING COT. David. T. .HelpriA: New York City. This is a cot which folds, not only in the direction of its sides, but also in the direction of its ends, by which it may be made to occupy a small space in storing it, but may be readily brought fully out into rigid pOsition as a Cot. The frame consists of side bars having a hinge connection, and with sockets at their outer extremities, the legs being pivotally attached to the socket portions, while, cross bars have heads arranged to enter the sockets and engage with the legs, the bed sec-tion being attached to the cross bars and sections of the side bars, the bed being cut away opposite the sockets. NON - REFILLABLE BOTTLE,. — Dolph Edwards, Sanford, Fla.' To provide a bottle which cannot be refilled without partially destrOying it., accord-ing to this invention, the neck of the bot tie is made with an internal circumferential groove, to which leads a per-foration from the exterior. The neck: is long enough to receive a lower sealing plug, and an upper securing plug, the latter having a groove coinciding with the in-ternal groove of the neck and permitting of the insertion of a key of wire or other suitable material in ilie coinci-dent grooves to lock the securing plug in place. By forcing the wire entirely in, so that it cannot be with. drawn, the contents of the bottle cannot be obtained without breaking off the neck at a circularly grooved portion between the two plugs, although, by leaving the key with a protruding portion, it may be withdrawn and the sealing plug removed, allowing the bottle to be used as an ordinary bottle. 
Designs. LADY'S COLLAR. —David Kisch, New York City. This design is for a collar open at the back, and with two opposite side portions having angular front points and an intermediate piece with downwardly ex-tending angular lower edge. SOAP DISH OR HOLDER. —Ed ward L. Snyder, Brooklyn, N. Y. This (halt has a top which slopes downward from its margin to a central opening, communicating with an enlarged space below, there be-ing an end opening in the body of the dish to this space. PICTURE FRAME. —Alfred J. Ripley, Long Branch, N. J. This. is a frame made with a sur-face representing cloth decorated with playing cards and chips, and having also a depression simulating a " kitty " opening. NOTE.-Copies of any of the above patents will be furnished by Munn & Co. for 10 cents each. Please send name of the patentee, title of invention, and date of this paper. 

76;1,, 

DECEMBER 19, 1896 Scientific American. pg 449 . 


DECEMBER 19, 18961 Sttientifir American. pg-449 
3usiness arts) tWersonat. 
The charge for insertion Limier this head is One .Dollar a Line for each insertion : about eight Words to a Line. Adver-tisements must be received at publication office as early as 'ursday  morning to appear in the following week's issue 
Marine Iron Works. Chicago. Catalogue free. For mining engines. J. S. Mundy, Newark, N. J. " U. S." metal polish. Indianapolis. Samples free. Presses & Dies. feerracute Mach. c'(-)., Bridgeton, N.J. Yankee Notions. Waterbury Button Co., Waterb'y, Ct. Well Drill Prospecting Mach'y, Loomis Co., Tiffin, 0. Handle & Spoke Mchy. Ober Lathe Co„Chagrin Falls.O. Have your patented machinery made by C. J. Pran-kard, Troy, N. Y. .Screw machines, milling machines, and drill presses. The Garvin Mach. Co., Spi'ing & Varick Sts„ New York. Concrete Houses - cheaper than brick, superior to stone. " Ransonae." 757 Monadnock Block, Chicago. ' d mortar mixing mills. Exclusive rights for sale. " Win-some," 757 Monadnock, Chicago. The celebrated " I 1.11,44- A kroyd '' Patent Safety 011 Engine is built ►y the De La V4314(11e Refrigerating Ma-C11111(+ (101111)1111y. vo)t or Nam ingth Street, New York. The best. book for VieCtrie111,11t4 /111,1 bOglilller14 in elec-tricity Is " Experimental Selenee," by Geo. M. 1 lopkins By mail. $4 M111111 8, Co., publishers, 361 Broadway, N. Y. Machine Shia) Aril Joliette gives just, the information a mechanic needs and in such plain language that any atl .►rentiee can understand it. 50c. postpaid. 2e. stanips taken. !Practical Pub, Co., 72 M}0.10 Air., E. Orange, N.J. s,,,1 for new ',tut eolilplete catalogue of Scientific and other Bis for sale by Munn A, (70., 361 Broadway, New York. Free on application. 

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AMERICAN Id October 31, 1896, ,N (aim and (merle. •oliinin, question No. 7002. Please tell use what gold size is 1111,1 114►W 11111.410, or where it ran Is oblnliw(i. U►w is go(HI mizing !nude I A. I. (4 BI 017,0,) Pry log or boiled this kotord tint; pillow owlitit. or 4111011ml 0,4 who-, 
• _ • - . • 
Bearing, ball, H. A. Stephens 572,385 Bed, spring, G. Bacon  572,147 Bedstead joint, D. D. Curtis  572,112 Bedstead, metal, 1). Frank  572,253 Beer, etc., receptacle for preserving, transport-ing, and selling, H. & B. Drager  572,248 Bell clamp, bicycle, E. D. Rockwell. 572,450 Bell clamp. bicycle, le. A. Scranton  572,379 Bell, electric signal, C. E. Scribner.   572,220 Belt gearing, device for throwing out of gear, L  Benda.   572,098 Bicycle, W. A. Lorenz   572,208 Bicycle brake, C. W. Terpening  572,137 Bicycle handle, J. C. Spiegel  572,226 Bicycle propelling mechanism, T. J. Armstrong  572,398 Bicycle saddle, M. F. Henderson .   572.163, 572,164 Bicycle saddle, J. A. Maloney  572,432 Bicycle spoke nipples, machine for finishing, C  E. Roberta  572,376 Bicycle umbrella attachment, M. A. Hicks  572.298 Bicycles, sliding saddle support for, 0. Peterson 572,273 Bisulphite solutions, apparatus for making, J. L. Coker, Jr    572,193 Bitt, riding or mooring, .1. R. Andrews  572,397 Block signal. B. B. Morgan ' 572,267 Body loop and spring coupling, combined, C. A  Belden  572,097 Boiler. See Steam boiler. Water tube boiler. Boiler furnace, D. D. Flemming  572,417 Boilers, means for feeding and controlling supply • , of water to. A. E. Johnson . 572,171 Bosh plate, J. P. Witherow..  572,143 Bottle 1). Edwards  572,477 Bottle, J. Paulus   572,179 Bottle, M. & L. W. Tebbetts  572,387 Bottle filler guard, J. E. Bryan  572,327 Bottle, non-retillable, Hill & Van Winkle..  572,302 Bottle, non-refillable, F. P. Siviter  572,456 Bottle, non-refilling, J. T. Savage  572,126 Box nailing machine. S. D. Ford  572,418 Brace. See Chair brace. • Braiding machine, A. B. Diss  572,357 Brake. See Bicycle brake. Brake actuating device, E. S. Hall,   572,255 Brick kiln. J. T. Cullens  572,474 Bridge trate, F. M. Smith  572,318 Brush, Ii'. .r4. Look  572,347 Brush, liquid blacking, L. M. Whisenhant  572,462 Brush or cleaner, rotary, J. W. Starritt  572.459 Buffer wheels, manufacture of, S. H. Brooks  572,243 Bung, C..1. Meyerholz   572,435 Burled alive, apparatus for saving people. M  Karnicki  572,119 Cableway for conveying and dumping rock, etc., C. H. Locher.   572.491 Cake pan, 'I'. A. Wilson  572,509 Can. See Ice freezing can. Can cover, G E. Burnham   . 572,471 Can heading machine, R. 1-1.11ume  572,360 Capstan, H. L. Smith   572,457 Car coupling, N. W. Aigler  572.395 Car coupling, A. Bopp  572,288 Car coupling, T. Fates  572,416 Car coupling, J. D. Hood.  572,425 Car driving gear, motor, H. Schumm  572,453 'Car fender. H. A. Webster  572,389 Car fender, J. A. G. 0. Wolters.  572,235 Car fenders, frame for supporting, A. Adair, Jr. . 572,394 ('ar, gondola, W. S. Schroeder  572,279 Car heating apparatus, H. E. Gold  572,254 Car stopper for drawbridges, automatic, P. C  Floeter.  572,252 Cars, switch operating device for street railway, D. Rioux et al  572,313 Carbon sheet holder for manifolding books or pads, C. S. Binner. .  572,241 Card cutter, bevel, P. J. Stuparich   572,320 Carding engine feeding apparatus, A. Borios  572,153 Carrier. See Cash carrier. Egg carrier. Cartridge holding clip, temporary, T. C. Johnson 572,361 Case. See Stamp or coin. case. Cash carrier, D. E. Chism.  572,407 Catalogue for libraries, etc., card, H. R. Somes  572,132 Centrifugal machine, F. F. Metzger  572,121 Chair. See Nursery chair. Reclining chair. Chair, W. H. Davy    572,503 Chair brace, J. Cooper  572,409 Cheese press, L. Sigmund  572,455 Churn, J. A. Asher  572;146 Churn, Harper & Smith  572,484 Cigar bunching machine, W. H. Isley  572,170 Cigar flavoring apparatus, L. B. White......   572,323 Cigar tray, J. Buchtel  572,469 Cigarette machine, H. Bilgram  572,150 Cigarette machine, J. A. Bonsack  572,152 Cigarette machine, F. H. Richards  572,375 Clamp. See Bell clamp. Clasp. See Dress shieid clasp. ■ Any separator, P. S. l'lace   572,311 I 'I.ok, 4.1tho1rie, .1. A. Selma.  572,131 ch.i•tc, ad I 15110111g, It. S. 1'11)1►1.1os  ►72,271 ('I'"'!, winding ludiearar, ,I. hlowno  17141/1 (lute!), friction, CI. A. A 11114,114011.. .   I liii gin, filet 11.11, 14, B. Joloottolt  572,291 c..ek boiies mei using/, 1,1,,,,,•,r0,., e►v,,r 'iii shell, 11 II' 11o►ninnh , / •   ►0,217 •o►i, eylliel►r. .1 l'. Mfc“y,... ....... 1,72,211 I 'satin hi 1taintekl. .  . . tii2,1 Is MU Ile.I 
Gas apparatus, differential indicator for, R. Nor- ris  572,366  Gas generator, acetylene, W P & H D. Hill   572,113 I Gas lights, composition of material for incandes-cent. L. K. Bohm •  572,101 Gas producer, J D. Swindell Gases, apparatus for treating fire, J. Patterson  557722:118747 Gases evolved in furnaces. blower for treating, J Patterson  572,178 Gases evolved in steam boilers, etc., apparatus for treating fire. J. Patterson  572,176 Gate. See Bridge gate. Farm gate. Fluid con-trolled gate. Gate, A. Davison  5 Gate, I. H. Swink  572,228 , Generator. See Gas generator. 572,207 5  Gate or door hook, J ,M Proctor  72 Gear cutting machine, T. J. Lindsay  5722 1 Glass holding snap, J. E. Miller  572: 4: 3 Golf club head, W. Mills.  572,436 Grain elevator, Ream & Lewis  572,448 Gravel dump. A. P. Williams  572,233 Grinding mill, T. L. & T. J. Sturtevant  572,386 G1.111 sight, A E Veon  572,494 Guns, means for affixing side arms to, P. Mauser 572,266 Guns, single trigger lock for double barrel, F, D  •  Granger 572,480 Hammock, W. Hines  572,424 Harvester, corn, W, H Gray  572,110 Hat fastening, K. D. Head   572,202 Hats in stacks, device for supporting, P. C. War-ing  557722:24%84 Hay fork, 0 H Lewis  Heater. See Electric heater  Feed water heater. Hoisting and dumping platform, Brown & Cleave-dg 572,103 Heel, boot or shoe spring, J. Bresman.    572,468 Hook. See Gate or door hook. Horseshoe creeper, Hall & Petzold  572,256 Horseshoes, device for forming heel calks on, P. M. Pramer   572.125 Hub attaching device for vehicle axles, R. Leh mann    572,489 Ice freezing can, J. C Winkle.  572,234 Indicator. See Clock winding indicator. Station indicator. Inkstand, barometer, J. R. Handy  572.483 Insulated electric conductor, W R. Patterson 572,215 Insulated joint for light fixtures, W. McElroy 572,124 Jar. See Fruit jar. Joint. See Bedstead joint. Insulated joint. Journal bearing, C. H. Woodworth  572,236 Kiln. See Brick kiln. 222577 Jug, hermetically closing, A. Heinemann  Keyboard, transposing, H. H. Stroeter  572,227 Ladder. C. G. Hausmann  572,201 Lamp, P. L. Girardet  572,505 Lainp, H. B. Moran  572,122 Lamp, electric, F. E. Magee.   572,431 Lamp:filler, E. T Darling  572,502 Lamp post, electric, J. Buckner.  572,354 Lamp regulator, incandescent electric, W Hawker   572,421   572,485 IL4eaatetill'egradtreessWirigj, JHMayosore  557722,433592 Leather snipping machine, C. A. Bonney  Life preserver, T. Gordon 572,109 Lifter. See Pan lifter. Lock. See Stopper lock. Lock wedge, W Locomotive crane, 0. Crosby  572,291 572,195 W Crawford  Loom, Cuscaden & Poiesz  572,246 Loom, box, Faber du Faur & Gartner  572,251 Loom multiplier. A. Faber du Faur  572,250 Loom picker staff strap, J. F. & C. G. Warren  572,140 Looms, change box mechanism for power, E  Claviez ,  572,245 Lubricator. See Axle lubricator Lumber drier, H. J. Morton  572,210 Magnetic from non-magnetic substances, me-chanism for separating, C. J. Reed  572.370 Magnetic separator, J. B. Hamilton  572,162 Mall urnekceiver and delivering apparatus, W. Z  Runkle.     572,315 Match safe, P. & G. Blechschmidt..  572,100 Maze, P. G. Williams.  572.142 Metallurgical furnace and process, A. Wronski. 572.393 Meter, J. H Dixon  572,414 Mill. See Grinding mill. Moulding machine, T. J. Ryan  572,278 Motor. See Traction motor. Musical instrument, mechanical, 0 Sorgan  572,158 572,392 Musical instrument. B. E. Wollenhaupt  Net lifting device, J. W. Atwood  572,287 Musical machine, J. Baumgartner  572,399 Newspaper rack, J. A. Dawson  55772:3336 572,271 Nut lock, J. I'. Van Derveer  Nursery chair, N. K. Nelson  572,369 Ore separator. magnetic, ('. J. Reed  organ, W. Schuelke  572,128 to 572.1:;0 Padlock, Jackson & Taylor. 557722:210(15i 1 lvell and stove, linker's, F. S. Kinney Pan. See Cake pan. Dust pan. Evaporating pan. Vacuum pan. Paper hag, F. F rliktylor    572,187 Pun lifter, Andrus & Newton.   l'a per cut,lcr, .1. N. 1■Amecomh....   572,22i) 1.11.11414.. a ■ It I as. ...Al .titi i b. I id I A u.11a.1..1 . vapor tootiti.“ muolsitot, 'tripes it, l'IHII.4. I mq 9./.1 
Signal. See Block signal. Railway signal. Switch signal. Signal pressure head, automatic, J. H. Winspear.. 572,495 Skate, H D Carryl 572,500, 572,501 Skate, roller, G T Bond  572,403 Skirt, bicycle, J N Lewinson   572,429 Slide and lake and conveyer therefor, artificial, C  A. Idler  572,426 Snow guard, M Clason  572,332 Snow or dirt collecting and dumping machine, C. G Ottersten  572.213 Snow plow and rutter, D J McGregor  572,212 Solder for soldering aluminum. G. Hammond ..... 572,200 Speaking tube, H W Libbey  . 572,264 Spectacles or eyeglasses, frameless, W. S. Essick. 572,107 Splint machine, J T. Whitten , . 572,232 Sprinkler. See Water sprinkler. Stacker, L. L. Bisbee  572,151 Stamp or coin case, G B. Adams  572,237 Stapling machine, E. T. Greenfield- ...... 572,293, 572,420 Stapling machine, J. A Keyes    572,346 Station indicator, D. Beemer  572,189 Steam boiler, A. R. Cooper . 572.194 Stopper lock, D. F. Graham    572,160 Stove or range, cooking, J. H. Magee ..  572,265 Stovepipe shelf, A. H. Smith  572,381 Stoves or ranges, oven door for cooking, M. L  Everest    572,199 Strainer, tea, R. S. Hamilton  572,482 Surgical apparatus, W. H. Voss  572,139 Switch. See electric switch. Railway switch. Switch operating device. E D Farnsworth  572,292 Switch signal, interlocking, B. B. Morgan 1572,270 Switchboards, needle plug test system for multi-ple, C. E. Scribner  572,218 Syringe, 1. Q. (iurnee . 572.506 Table. See Combination table. Extension table. Tap, sectional expansion, B. W. Prentice 572,445 Taps or drills, safety socket for, G. Bettcher  572,099 Telephone circuit, C. E. Scribner  572,222 Telephone,exchange system, C. E. Scribner  572,221 Telephone receivers, earpiece for, D. [C. Farring-ton  572,108 Telephone switchboard apparatus, Scribner & Mc-Berty  572,223 Telephone switchboards, cord switch for, C. E  Scribner . 572,219 Telephone transmitter, L. D Appleman  572,188 Telephone transmitter, F. A Ray  572,182 Therapeutical and massage purposes, electric roller for, J. W. Gibbs  572.341 Thill coupling, P. A Watrous  572,141 Tile. A. Shelmerdine . 572,454 Tire, bicycle, R. S. Williams   572,463 Tire cleaner, bicycle, W. H. Clark  572,355 Tires, protector for pneumatic. Davies & Harri-son . 572,159 Tobacco cutting machine, G. Bentley   572.149 Tobacco pipe, J. Andersson .. 572,240 Tool, combination, G. J. Capewell  572.406 Towing apparatus, electric, A. E. Schatz  572,377 Toy, W, A. Hoffmann  572,166 Trace holder, G. Laube 572.427, 572,487 Tract drill, J. P. Coleman ' 572,156 Track sanding apparatus, automatic, H. L. Leach 572,428 Traction motor, H. N Revelle et al  572,371 Tree box, M. H. Stephens  572,133 Tripod, 1. A. Brownell  572,326 Trousers stretcher, U. Burnham  572,155 Truck, V. Chartener  572,104 Truck, warehouse. M. J. Cunningham   572,411 Tube. See Speaking tube. Tube cleaner, le Haight .. 572,359 Tubing, apparatus for tipping gaS, C. D. Frees.... 572.419 572.479 572,350   572,289 572,348 572,382 572.451 • 572,296 572,396 572,297 572.498 572,481 
Twine or cold making machine, G. Florence  Typewriting machine, H. L. Arnold  Typewriting machine, B A Brooks  Typewriting machine, 0. F. Mayer   Vacuum pan, J Smith  Valve, E. L. Rowe  Valve, back pressure, F. Hennebohle  Valve, power motor, J. Anderson  Valve. safety, F. Hennebohle  Vehicle, motor, E Capitaine  Vehicle running gear, B. F. Haldeman  Ventilating apparatus for vehicles, etc., E. P. Phelps    572,444 Vessels, apparatus for raising sunken, A. G. Mid-ford . 572,364 Vise, bench, Parker & Bennett , 572,367 Voltmeter. A. A. Simonds    572,380 Wagon, dumping, J. II Jack . 572,344 Washer. See Barrel washer. Washing machine, A. H. B. Dean  572,337 Watch carrier, W. E. Porter  572,368 Water gage glass, J. Pissinger  572,181 Water sprinkler, W. S. Kisinger  572,120 Water tube boiler, C. Edgerton  572,476 Waterproof composition, G. C. F Hauser .. 572.295 Weaner, calf, G. Disrud  572,339 Weighing and filling apparatus, automatic, H. P  Dennis   572.504 Wheel drag, T G. Clifford   572,356 Whistle, automatic, C. H. Hall  572,112 Winding machine, A. B. Morse  572,309 Wire ropeway, J. T Ludlow  572,305 Wire mtretcher, W. 1 Morrow  572,349 Wronele II. M. Carron    572,191 1. .

Itt Hui s'olibuhr, will be Purn6lind 1+11.11 61111reissesi or uslipuh.. Inv, or I earillut Sp••I VI I a I I 4.11 Ingot' en n 14.11 It matters Of p.C1,41,1111i rnl h, r I 11/1 II reneral Interemt cannot be ,Ith,put ..inimeration Se114611 i III, l'Ica S I, ph. 1114.111 X referred to !pay Iu had at the ()glee. Price 10 cents each. Ronk M referred to promptly supplied on receipt of price. sent fnr ovnmirintinn ahninItl he distinctly 
marked or labeled. 
(7052) D. L. S. says : Ill SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of October 31, 1896, Notes and Queries column, question No. 7002. Please tell me what gold size is and how made, or where it can be obtained. How is good sizing made ? A. 1. (Oil size.) prying or boiled oil thickened with yellow ocher or calcined red ocher, and carefully reduced to the utmost smoothness by grind, ing. It is thinned with oil of turpentine. Improves by age. Used for oil gilding. 2. (Water size.) Parchment or isinglass size mixed with finely ground yellow ocher. Used in burnished or distemper gilding. 3. Place boiled oil in a stone pot and place on a gentle fire, and allow the heat to rise almost to the point of ignition, then set Lire to it, and let it burn until it is thick, then put on the cover to extinguish the flames. Strain through silk and thin with turpentine. (7053) L. J. H. says : Please give through the columns of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN a formula for making a cement to hold two pieces of glass together. A. The Pharmacist recommends the following as a proved recipe : Take 1 ounce of Russian isinglass, cut it in small pieces, and bruise well, in order to separate the fibers ; then add 6 ounces of warm water, and leave it in a warm place that the isinglass may dissolve, which will require from 34 to 48 hours. Evaporate this to about 3 ounces. Next dissolve V2 ounce mastic in 4 ounces of alcohol, and when this is ready, transfer the isinglass from the evap-orating dish to a tin can (an empty ether can will be found convenient), heat both solutions, and add the mas-tic solution to the isinglass in small quantities at a time, shaking the can violently after each addition. While still hot strain the liquid through muslin cloth and put up in IA ounce bottles. This cement is very valuable, and articles, such as mortars, graduates, etc., mended by it have been in use for years. 
INDEX OF INVENTIONS 
For which Letters Patent of the 
United States were Orstaate4,11 December 1, 1896, AND EACH BEA ICING THAT DATE. [See note at end of list about copies of these patents.] 
Abdominal supporter, Woolfolk & Nay  572,465 Accumulator or secondary battery, F. W. Eller-mann  , 572,198 Advertising device, J. A. Kennel  572,262 Air compressor, J. H. Reynolds* 572,372 Air compressor. T. H. Roberts   572,314 Air compressor and blower, 0. L. Smith  572,383 Amalgamator, W. L. & C. Brown,  572,353 Annunciator drop, W. Schwagerman.  572,378 Anode tor electrolytic processes, H. Y. Castner  572,472 Auger, earth, Bennett & Hill  572,325 Awning, C. A. & W. E. Metzger  572,434 Awning fixture, F. A. Wagner  572,461 Axle lubricator, J. Reichenbach  572,276 Axle skein, Graham & Colwell  572,161 Axles, etc., from iron or steel, apparatus for manufacturing, T. Higgins  572,204 Bag. See Paper bag. Barrel washer, C. A. Johnson  572,116 Battery cell, C. Willms.  572,285 Battery cell or box, electric, J. M. Moffat.  572,438 Battery grid and machine for producing same, A. F. Madden    572,363 
. um 111 twill  I littlr. 111 4 ..i.n.Vt.. " 9    41017111Lig eialr. ..   U4P.... Chair, W. II. Davy  572,5113 4.1,alr braec, .1. (Viper. ..    072,409 Cheese press. L. Sigmund  572,455 Churn. Harper & Smith  572;146 ( 'burn, .1. A. Ashur    572,484 Cigar buneuing machine, W..11. Isley  572,170 Cigar flavoring apparatus, L. B. White . 572,323 Cigar tray, J. Buchtel  572,469 Cigarette machine, H. Bilgram  572,150 Cigarette machine, 4` 1 A Bonsack   572,152 Cigarette machine, II. Richards  572,375 Clamp. See Bell clamp. Clasp. See Dress shield clasp. Clay separator, P. S. Place   572,311 Clock winding indicator, J. Mowrer ,572,440 Cloak, electric, J. A. Schulte  572,131 , Clock, self winding, H. S. Prentiss  Clutch, friction, (4. A. Anderson  572,238 Clutch, friction, L. M. Johnston  572,205 Cock boxes and frame therefor, cover for stop, H. F. Rebmann .   572,217 Cock, cylinder, J. F. McCoy    722 Coffin, M. Karnicki  572,211 ('oiler, Meats & Eaton  572,433 Coin controlled apparatus, J. S. Barcus  572,496 Collar folding machine. J. A. Anderson   572,239 Color exhibiting device, interchangeable, J. E. Patton, Jr , . 572,216 Combination table, C. Whitford  572.391 Confectionery machine, S. J. Hicks   572,423 Cooker, gas, G. Horn   572,486 Coppery silver bullion, refining, F. Gutzkow  572,3,42 Cot, folding, D. T. Ilelprin   572,422 Cotton gin and wool burring machine, H. W  'Abbey  572,263 Cotton picking machine, W. A. Turner  572,493 Cotton staple, etc., conveyer for treating, A. H. Morton.  Crank pin, It. Bragg    572,497 572,492 Coupling. See Car coupling. Thin coupling. Current controlling device, J. J. Hogan  572,507 Curtain pole, II. Eckert  572,249 Curtain ring, M. L. Munson  572,165 Curtain pole, W. Hodgson.  572,441 Cutter. See Card cutter. Paper cutter. Pipe cutter. Dental engine handpiece, C. 0. Perkins  572,310 Digger. See Potato digger. Door operating apparatus, 0. H. Hicks 572,299, 572,300 Door operating apparatus, electric, Hicks & Dredge, flour or condiment, W. D. F. Loryea  572,301 I) 572.362 Troy  Dress shield clasp. F. F. Hurd   572,508 Drier.,See`Fruit drier. Lumber drier. Drill. See Track drill. Dust pan, W. J. I topkins.   572,343 Dust pan, S. T. Percy   572.180 Egg carrier, J. W. Almack  572,466 Electric currents, method of and apparatus for transforming alternating, Hutin & Leblanc  572,510 . Electric furnace, E. F. Price    572,312 • Electric heater,qt. E. Baker. 572,467 Electric lighting mechanism for bicycles, F. E.  Magee -   572,430 Electric steam and gas engine. F. A. Rich  572,449 Electric switch, C. B. Sterling  572,319 Elevator. See Grain elevator. Elevator controlling mechanism, .W. E. H. Otto  572,214 Embossing machine, E. S. De Tamble  572,197 Engine. See Electric steam or gas engine. Ex-plosive eng

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 Decebber 19, 1896 Scientific American

450  Scientific American. DECEMBER 19, 1896. 
RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. 
Engineering. WATER TUBE BOILER.—Charles Ed-gerton, Philadelphia, Pa. This is an improvement in high pressure boilers in which tubes are entered into the flattened side of a cylindrical drum, two sets of water tubes being connected with the drum, one for down-ward and the other for upward circulation. A series of narrow braces is arranged on the inside of the flat por-tion of the boiler between the tubes, and broad U-shaped braces are arranged in the same relation to the drum, but receiving between flanges the tubes for the downward circulation. The braces are of peculiar shape, are of one piece of metal without seam or weld, and are pressed into shape, their flat surface being very thor• oughly stayed without the use of stay bolts. They also serve the purpose of strengthening the drum longitudi-nally and in all other directions. BOILER FURNACE.—Dudley D. Flem-ing, Jersey City, N. J. This furnace is designed to con-tain many times the volume of fuel now used, and have a reduced grate area, maintaining a slower generation of the gases, by means of a regulated primary air supply and the combination therewith of water vapor. The combustible hydrogen and carbonic oxide gases are sub-jected to contact in properly constructed combustion chambers with a regulated secondary air supply, convert-ing them into water and carbonic acid gas, a reaction which is continued to the point of escape in the chim-ney. The furnace is constructed in a series of sections, to be alternately charged or cleaned, always maintaining sufficient heat to ignite the gases in contact with the se-condary air supply, or, when bituminous coal is used, to consume the carbon vapor or smoke. 
Railway Appliances. CAR COUPLING.—Thomas Pales, Bridgeport, Cal. This invention relates to couplings of the pin and link type, which may be arranged to auto-matically couple meeting cars, the uncoupling being effected from the side, so that the trainmen need not go between the cars. The drawhead has a throat above which is a slot provided with link-holding devices, while movable on a vertical axis in a horizontal recess is an arm with one end projecting into the throat to engage the top of the link, the other end of. the arm extending out-wardly. The common link and pin coupling may be readily changed into one of the improved form, and cars provided with the old couplings may be used together with such as have the improvement. METALLIC TIE. — John S. Mitchell, Greelisborough, Md. This tie comprises two casings, connected by crossed binding rods and a clamp, each casing having an arched or hemispherical top with down-wardly extending flange embedded in the ground. Each casing has in its upper surface a man hole through which it may be packed with earth, and in the center of its top is .a longitudinal recess to receive a strip of hard rubber on which rests the base of the rail, held in position by clam ping plates. CONT11.01,14INti CAR OATES lelt(►M 'ME ;-4►•11, A_ Crone. Nett Pori: (.11V. A1.1.4)rdillit 
struction, and may be run in either direction without danger of disconnecting the links. . CONFECTIONERY MACHINE. — Simeon J. Hicks, Chicago, Ill. This is a machine more espe-cially designed for forming wafers or patties in a cheap and economical manner. A hopper in the frame of the machine has chambers for the passage of the moulded articles, there being a main shaft journaled above the hopper and plungers movable in the chambers of the hopper, a spring moving the plungers in one direction and cams on the shaft moving them in the other direction. The machine is of simple construction, and arranged to be readily taken apart for cleaning and repairs. METER. John H. Dixon, Marietta, Ohio. This invention relates to meters having flexible diaphragms and valves controlling the inflow and outflow of the liquid, and comprises a measuring chamber in which the diaphragm is secured, a valve controlling the inflow and outflow, and a telescop. ing stem connected with the diaphragm, while a lever pivotally connected with a member of the stem has a spear-shaped end engaged by a spring-pressed arm, there being a connection between the lever and the valve rod. By the up and down movement of the telescoping stem the lever is set in motion to actuate the registering device to indicate the amount of gas or other fluid dis-charged. MUSICAL INSTRUMENT. — Henry E. Hibsham, New York City. In auto-harps, this invention provides a system of key-operated levers which normally act to mute the strings. There is a locking device for each series of rows of keys by which, when one or more keys are manipulated to raise certain levers from certain strings, the levers will be held in their upper position automatically until other keys of the same series are pressed, when the levers held raised will be automati-cally released, and the levers last raised locked in elevated position. MEANS FOR SOUNDING COMBS —Alfred Herrling, Jersey City, N. J. In musical instruments using combs to produce the desired tones, this invention provides improved means for sounding the teeth of the combs to produce soft and melodious tones and com-pletely obviate the harsh, metallic sounds caused by pick-ing the combs as heretofore. The instrument comprises a comb, and reeds or like vibrators having felted or cush-ioned portions arranged to intermittently engage the teeth of the comb, the vibrators being actuated by press-ing on a key which opens a valve connected with an opening in the wind chest. MANIFOLD CASH SALES BOOK. —3011.11 H. Murphy, New York City. This book has a flexible back with stiffening strip engaged by side arms, which open to permit the entire back to swing downward for inserting new leaves. The leaves are transversely per-forated near the middle, a spring.pressed bar holding the leaves and a transfer sheet in place. The book is designedito enable a salesman to quickly and conveniently write out a duplicate sales slip on a doubled-up leaf and remove it lb Separate parts from the book, making an t ry of each sale. 
the striker, and to the other end of the plate is attached a chain carrying a key ring and having at its outer end a hook. When the plate is placed in position and the door closed, the 'chain is extended around the shank of the door knob, and the hook is made to engage one of its links, preventing the opening of the door until the hook is disengaged. TROUSERS PRESSER AND STRETCHIER. —Robert B. Colley, St. Heliers, Island of Jersey. This device comprises a pair of presser boards with metal cross bars which enable pressure to be applied by wing nuts screwing on coupling screws hinged to one set of cross bars and engaging slots in the ends of the other set of cross bars. The lower board is a single piece, but the upper board is in three separate portions, two narrow end clamping portions serving to hold the garment stretched and a long intermediate presser portion. BRUSH CLEANER.—Theodore L. Hai-, low, Gardner, Mass. This is a device adapted to be placed as a fixture in mucilage bottles, etc., and so shaped that both sides of the brush and one of its verti-cal edges may be cleaned simultaneously by simply drawing the brush through a portion of the cleaner. The device is preferably made of a single piece of round wire, to fit in a groove at the bottom of the neck of the bottle, and comprises two loops connected by a cross bar, there being downwardly extending parallel cleaning sec-tions at one side of the cross bar and a bowed section in the same plane as the loops. V E N DING DEVICE. —George 0. Ranson, Portland,. Oregon. This is a device in which the re-. ceptacle repreSents a human face with eye and mouth openings. there being movable eyeballs and detachable teeth, the latter connected with the eyeballs and with packages of merchandise, so that as a tooth is drawn the eyeballs express pain and return to their normal position on the detachment of a package of merchandise, the latter. being drawn through the mouth opening. The device is designed to afford amusement to children while making a purchase. MUCILAGE BOTTLE.—Stephen 0. Tres-cott, Pittsburg, Kansas. This is a bottle designed to discharge the mucilage in such a manner as to dispense with a brush, and may be employed to apply the mu-cilage with great nicety, either in a narrow line or a broad band. The body of the bottle is of rubber or similar material, and has a wedgelike tip to act as a sub-stitute for a brush, with an outlet for the passage of the mucilage when the body is compressed. PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE HOLDER. — Matthias Damming, Newark, N. J., and Frank Moniot, New York City. This is a holder which enables the operator to accurately adjust the screen relatively to the sensitive plate, according to the nature of the object to be photographed, and comprises a main frame adapted to receive a negative auxiliary frame movable toward and from the negative and having inclined slots, pins sliding in the main frame engaging the slots of the auxiliary frame, and lazy tongs in the latter frame hav-ing holders for a screen plate. The shifting devices for the screen plate extend through the frame to the out-side.inner bent perforated portions through which the return portion of the cord is passed, the pressing inward on the arms by the thumb and finger bringing the perfora-tions in line and permitting the cord to run freely, while the cord is locked when the pressure on the arms is re-leased. VEHICLE RUNNING GEAR.—Benjamin F. Haldeman, Pittsburg, Pa. For farm, coal and similar wagons, this invention provides a substitute for the rigid reach o•dhutrily used to connect, the front and rear axles. it is particularly applicable to wagons having a rear platform spring, and consists of an inverted U-shaped lever and links connected with the rear axle and fifth wheel, it spring rigidly seeti•ed to the fifth wheel being flexibly connected at its rear end with the lever. The improvement is self-adjusting to the load and allows the front wheels to be turned under the body. GATE.—Albert Davison, Belvidere, 111. This is a farm gate which may be readily lifted to set it above the snow or to let small animals pass through, and such adjustment may be easily effected without de-taching any of the operating parts, the bolt seats per-mitting its latching and unlatching at different vertical adjustments. The several parts for raising and letting down the gate are arranged to operate without opening or slmtting it., facilitating the work of farmers in sepa-rating small from large stock. GATE LArrcn.---William J. Hays, Deca-tur, Ill. In combination with a gate having a vertical bar and a keeper at its free edge, according to this im-provement, are two latches pivoted to the ends of the bar and projecting beyond the front end of the gate to en-gage the strikes, while a lever pivoted at its lower end to the inner end of the lower latch carries a pin which overhangs the inner end of the upper latch, the upper end of the lever engaging a cross wire to lock the two latches. it►1,1,KR SKATE.—(ieorge T. Bond, To-peka, Kansas. The skate, according • to this improve-ment, is made with a, single roller, some six inches high or the•enhont, and having a huh, wir, spokes and a pnenthritic tire. A supporting frame With site uprights, braces and leg strap are 'designed to give efficient support to the leg and ankle of the Aku,ter, the improved skate being adapted for general ►nt-of-door use. FRUIT DRIER. — Arthur 11. Shearer, Arroyo I;rande,C41. According ho this invention, a main compartment is provided II ith end doors and a track between for th8 trny cars, there being at one side of the tack a condensing wall or partition cooled by a water spray and a blast of cool air, while, a fan forces hot air from a heater or furnace across the track space and its fruit laden cars against the condenser wall. A blower is provided for withdrawing the air from the dry-ing chamber and returning it to the furnace. The cars are provided with a .horizontally turning rack adapted to receive any desired number of fruit trays. BEDSTEAD JOINT. —Daniel 1). Curtis, Sidney Center, N. Y. This is a bed rail fastener de-signed to be very secure and without vertical or lateral motion, taking also the weight of the rail ,front the screws attaching the body of the fastener to the rail. 

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 December 19, 1896 Scientific American

452 Scientific American. DECEMBER 19, 1896.

  The last page of this issue, sorry.


RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. 
Engineering. WATER TUBE BOILER.—Charles Ed-gerton, Philadelphia, Pa. This is an improvement in high pressure boilers in which tubes are entered into the flattened side of a cylindrical drum, two sets of water tubes being connected with the drum, one for down-ward and the other for upward circulation. A series of narrow braces is arranged on the inside of the flat por-tion of the boiler between the tubes, and broad U-shaped braces are arranged in the same relation to the drum, but receiving between flanges the tubes for the downward circulation. The braces are of peculiar shape, are of one piece of metal without seam or weld, and are pressed into shape, their flat surface being very thor• oughly stayed without the use of stay bolts. They also serve the purpose of strengthening the drum longitudi-nally and in all other directions. BOILER FURNACE.—Dudley D. Flem-ing, Jersey City, N. J. This furnace is designed to con-tain many times the volume of fuel now used, and have a reduced grate area, maintaining a slower generation of the gases, by means of a regulated primary air supply and the combination therewith of water vapor. The combustible hydrogen and carbonic oxide gases are sub-jected to contact in properly constructed combustion chambers with a regulated secondary air supply, convert-ing them into water and carbonic acid gas, a reaction which is continued to the point of escape in the chim-ney. The furnace is constructed in a series of sections, to be alternately charged or cleaned, always maintaining sufficient heat to ignite the gases in contact with the se-condary air supply, or, when bituminous coal is used, to consume the carbon vapor or smoke. 
Railway Appliances. CAR COUPLING.—Thomas Pales, Bridgeport, Cal. This invention relates to couplings of the pin and link type, which may be arranged to auto-matically couple meeting cars, the uncoupling being effected from the side, so that the trainmen need not go between the cars. The drawhead has a throat above which is a slot provided with link-holding devices, while movable on a vertical axis in a horizontal recess is an arm with one end projecting into the throat to engage the top of the link, the other end of. the arm extending out-wardly. The common link and pin coupling may be readily changed into one of the improved form, and cars provided with the old couplings may be used together with such as have the improvement. METALLIC TIE. — John S. Mitchell, Greelisborough, Md. This tie comprises two casings, connected by crossed binding rods and a clamp, each casing having an arched or hemispherical top with down-wardly extending flange embedded in the ground. Each casing has in its upper surface a man hole through which it may be packed with earth, and in the center of its top is .a longitudinal recess to receive a strip of hard rubber on which rests the base of the rail, held in position by clam ping plates. CONT11.01,14INti CAR OATES lelt(►M 'ME ;-4►•11, A_ Crone. Nett Pori: (.11V. A1.1.4)rdillit 
struction, and may be run in either direction without danger of disconnecting the links. . CONFECTIONERY MACHINE. — Simeon J. Hicks, Chicago, Ill. This is a machine more espe-cially designed for forming wafers or patties in a cheap and economical manner. A hopper in the frame of the machine has chambers for the passage of the moulded articles, there being a main shaft journaled above the hopper and plungers movable in the chambers of the hopper, a spring moving the plungers in one direction and cams on the shaft moving them in the other direction. The machine is of simple construction, and arranged to be readily taken apart for cleaning and repairs. METER. John H. Dixon, Marietta, Ohio. This invention relates to meters having flexible diaphragms and valves controlling the inflow and outflow of the liquid, and comprises a measuring chamber in which the diaphragm is secured, a valve controlling the inflow and outflow, and a telescop. ing stem connected with the diaphragm, while a lever pivotally connected with a member of the stem has a spear-shaped end engaged by a spring-pressed arm, there being a connection between the lever and the valve rod. By the up and down movement of the telescoping stem the lever is set in motion to actuate the registering device to indicate the amount of gas or other fluid dis-charged. MUSICAL INSTRUMENT. — Henry E. Hibsham, New York City. In auto-harps, this invention provides a system of key-operated levers which normally act to mute the strings. There is a locking device for each series of rows of keys by which, when one or more keys are manipulated to raise certain levers from certain strings, the levers will be held in their upper position automatically until other keys of the same series are pressed, when the levers held raised will be automati-cally released, and the levers last raised locked in elevated position. MEANS FOR SOUNDING COMBS —Alfred Herrling, Jersey City, N. J. In musical instruments using combs to produce the desired tones, this invention provides improved means for sounding the teeth of the combs to produce soft and melodious tones and com-pletely obviate the harsh, metallic sounds caused by pick-ing the combs as heretofore. The instrument comprises a comb, and reeds or like vibrators having felted or cush-ioned portions arranged to intermittently engage the teeth of the comb, the vibrators being actuated by press-ing on a key which opens a valve connected with an opening in the wind chest. MANIFOLD CASH SALES BOOK. —3011.11 H. Murphy, New York City. This book has a flexible back with stiffening strip engaged by side arms, which open to permit the entire back to swing downward for inserting new leaves. The leaves are transversely per-forated near the middle, a spring.pressed bar holding the leaves and a transfer sheet in place. The book is designedito enable a salesman to quickly and conveniently write out a duplicate sales slip on a doubled-up leaf and remove it lb Separate parts from the book, making an t ry of each sale. 
the striker, and to the other end of the plate is attached a chain carrying a key ring and having at its outer end a hook. When the plate is placed in position and the door closed, the 'chain is extended around the shank of the door knob, and the hook is made to engage one of its links, preventing the opening of the door until the hook is disengaged. TROUSERS PRESSER AND STRETCHIER. —Robert B. Colley, St. Heliers, Island of Jersey. This device comprises a pair of presser boards with metal cross bars which enable pressure to be applied by wing nuts screwing on coupling screws hinged to one set of cross bars and engaging slots in the ends of the other set of cross bars. The lower board is a single piece, but the upper board is in three separate portions, two narrow end clamping portions serving to hold the garment stretched and a long intermediate presser portion. BRUSH CLEANER.—Theodore L. Hai-, low, Gardner, Mass. This is a device adapted to be placed as a fixture in mucilage bottles, etc., and so shaped that both sides of the brush and one of its verti-cal edges may be cleaned simultaneously by simply drawing the brush through a portion of the cleaner. The device is preferably made of a single piece of round wire, to fit in a groove at the bottom of the neck of the bottle, and comprises two loops connected by a cross bar, there being downwardly extending parallel cleaning sec-tions at one side of the cross bar and a bowed section in the same plane as the loops. V E N DING DEVICE. —George 0. Ranson, Portland,. Oregon. This is a device in which the re-. ceptacle repreSents a human face with eye and mouth openings. there being movable eyeballs and detachable teeth, the latter connected with the eyeballs and with packages of merchandise, so that as a tooth is drawn the eyeballs express pain and return to their normal position on the detachment of a package of merchandise, the latter. being drawn through the mouth opening. The device is designed to afford amusement to children while making a purchase. MUCILAGE BOTTLE.—Stephen 0. Tres-cott, Pittsburg, Kansas. This is a bottle designed to discharge the mucilage in such a manner as to dispense with a brush, and may be employed to apply the mu-cilage with great nicety, either in a narrow line or a broad band. The body of the bottle is of rubber or similar material, and has a wedgelike tip to act as a sub-stitute for a brush, with an outlet for the passage of the mucilage when the body is compressed. PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE HOLDER. — Matthias Damming, Newark, N. J., and Frank Moniot, New York City. This is a holder which enables the operator to accurately adjust the screen relatively to the sensitive plate, according to the nature of the object to be photographed, and comprises a main frame adapted to receive a negative auxiliary frame movable toward and from the negative and having inclined slots, pins sliding in the main frame engaging the slots of the auxiliary frame, and lazy tongs in the latter frame hav-ing holders for a screen plate. The shifting devices for the screen plate extend through the frame to the out-side.inner bent perforated portions through which the return portion of the cord is passed, the pressing inward on the arms by the thumb and finger bringing the perfora-tions in line and permitting the cord to run freely, while the cord is locked when the pressure on the arms is re-leased. VEHICLE RUNNING GEAR.—Benjamin F. Haldeman, Pittsburg, Pa. For farm, coal and similar wagons, this invention provides a substitute for the rigid reach o•dhutrily used to connect, the front and rear axles. it is particularly applicable to wagons having a rear platform spring, and consists of an inverted U-shaped lever and links connected with the rear axle and fifth wheel, it spring rigidly seeti•ed to the fifth wheel being flexibly connected at its rear end with the lever. The improvement is self-adjusting to the load and allows the front wheels to be turned under the body. GATE.—Albert Davison, Belvidere, 111. This is a farm gate which may be readily lifted to set it above the snow or to let small animals pass through, and such adjustment may be easily effected without de-taching any of the operating parts, the bolt seats per-mitting its latching and unlatching at different vertical adjustments. The several parts for raising and letting down the gate are arranged to operate without opening or slmtting it., facilitating the work of farmers in sepa-rating small from large stock. GATE LArrcn.---William J. Hays, Deca-tur, Ill. In combination with a gate having a vertical bar and a keeper at its free edge, according to this im-provement, are two latches pivoted to the ends of the bar and projecting beyond the front end of the gate to en-gage the strikes, while a lever pivoted at its lower end to the inner end of the lower latch carries a pin which overhangs the inner end of the upper latch, the upper end of the lever engaging a cross wire to lock the two latches. it►1,1,KR SKATE.—(ieorge T. Bond, To-peka, Kansas. The skate, according • to this improve-ment, is made with a, single roller, some six inches high or the•enhont, and having a huh, wir, spokes and a pnenthritic tire. A supporting frame With site uprights, braces and leg strap are 'designed to give efficient support to the leg and ankle of the Aku,ter, the improved skate being adapted for general ►nt-of-door use. FRUIT DRIER. — Arthur 11. Shearer, Arroyo I;rande,C41. According ho this invention, a main compartment is provided II ith end doors and a track between for th8 trny cars, there being at one side of the tack a condensing wall or partition cooled by a water spray and a blast of cool air, while, a fan forces hot air from a heater or furnace across the track space and its fruit laden cars against the condenser wall. A blower is provided for withdrawing the air from the dry-ing chamber and returning it to the furnace. The cars are provided with a .horizontally turning rack adapted to receive any desired number of fruit trays. BEDSTEAD JOINT. —Daniel 1). Curtis, Sidney Center, N. Y. This is a bed rail fastener de-signed to be very secure and without vertical or lateral motion, taking also the weight of the rail ,front the screws attaching the body of the fastener to the rail. 

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 pg-9-top  MAY 8, 1886 AMERICAN MACHINIST inspect of this till the law decrees it. Public sentiment may be sufficient to force the P7bp-tion of automatic couplers in England, but it is not likely to be effective here, unless it is backed by legislation. 
WARM-BLAST STEAM-BOILER FURNACES A RE

port upon a series of trials of an apparatus for transferring a part of the heat of escaping clue gases to the furnace, by warming the entering air. By J. C. Hoadley. New York : John Wiley & Sons, New York. Price $1.50. The record of these trials will be found of unusual interest to engineers. As the author intimates, their value is not only in showing what can be accompli' '"), but as well in what can not be done. 1,:ose who are likely to adopt devices recommended as saving more of the heat from a boiler furnace than is lost, can, from a perusal of this book,' fortify themselves against being imposed upon by the arguments generally used in such cases. The object of the tests was to ascertain the quantity of heat escaping through the chim-ney, how much of this could be utilized, and by what means anC qt what expense, and to obtain information in any way relating to or bearing upon the subject. The problem was a difficult one, and its solution required con-siderable time, and much patient and careful work. The methods employed and the results obtained are carefully detailed and illustrated by the author, whose well-known ability for conducting experiments in this direction will give his conclusions a scientific as well as practical value. 
(199) F. P. M., Rochester, N. Y., writes :

1. I want to construct a rack and gear for a planer. How shall I determine the dimensions ? A.—In the present state of the art of building planers it would be foolish to attempt to apply figures to such a problem. A little observation will enable you to see what dimensions give satisfactory results. These dimensions have been arrived at experi-mentally, and if you begin by figures you will un-doubtedly do some costly experimenting. 2. If wrought iron or steel is used, what difference can be made in dimensions? A.—That will depend upon quality of material. Perhaps a fair estimate would be that the wrought iron or steel would be fifty per cent. stronger. 3. How can I figure the power required to run the planer light ?

A.—You can only determine this experimentally. It will depend largely upon construction. (200) J. IL, Winona, Minn., asks : 1. How many feet of heating surface is allowed per horse-power in vertical boilers where the exhaust is used to assist the draft? A.—Generally from 7 to 10. 2. What power boiler would be required for an engine with an 8y," cylinder, 300 feet piston speed, 100 lbs. boiler pressure,the engine having a slide valve with-out lap,exhaust cavity line, and line, 1" exhaust noz-zle? A.—We suppose you mean with very little lap. If you use a valve with no outside lap you will be likely to be troubled with excessive back pressure An engine, such as you describe, could probably be driven to from 25 to 30 horse-power, and as it would be the reverse of economical, the boiler should not have less than 10 feet of heating surface per horse-power. 3. In the ordinary direct-acting steam pump does steam follow full stroke ? A.—Yes, substantially. (201) 0. M., Titusville, Pa., asks : 1. Questions regarding property in patents which he should submit to some attorney skilled in patent law. 2. Can a crank be made to automatically change its length to suit varying loads, by being moved towards or from the center ? A.—It may be possible to devise a way for accomplishing this, but we do not think it would be of any practical utility. 
USITIESS z    Under this head we propose to answer questions sent us, pertaining to oUr specialty, correctly, and according to eommon-sense methods. Reery question, to insure any attention, must invari-ably be accompanied by the writer's name and address. If so requested, neither name, correct initials, nor loca-hon will be published. 
 

( Soo AMERICAN MACI1ININT of 001,0►o• It.,, 1851. 2. WInut is ►ro-role/we I .1. In a steam engine, 11' pre-11,101140 !norms soly1,111,11.; It lo 1.11110011 1111,101, Of g of LIM ntillalltit val,ive ►oforo rotiPlo, 1,1111 Of its titrOhO, 3. Whitt Ito l,ie Itriltilll IOW, la .•. The of lin! hto ll on hi, 111i►ar1,011 lo ow, 1.1110.1 oor is 
PECIRS Transient Advertisements 50 cents a line for each insertion under this head. About seven words make a line. Copy should be sent to reach us not later than Wednesday for the ensuing week's issue. • Alt,  M °chain leal Engraver on Wood, 318 Wway., NY T. M. Parker, Steel Stamps, Stencils, I lartford,Ct. .1. Clayton,Air Com pressors,ltock Dey st,N Edw. Soars, Wood Engraver, 48 Bookman st., N.Y. Steel Name Stamps, etc,. .1. II. Roney, Lynn, MOLeS. 11114,11, 11,1111 Slone Nall Wm. A. swooiser, itroek ten, (Mims. l'aehIng, for T. R. Jackson will erect a five-story factory, 50x84 feet, at 527 West Twenty-second street, New York. Torrey & Co., will build a 62x75 foot factory, five stories high, at 60 Medford street, Boston. B. W. G rant, Longview, Ga., will build a shingle mill at Tallulah, Ga. S. S. Ward will start a machine shop at Eufaula, Ala. 
D. R. Wing & Co., are building a new foundry at Little Rock, Ark., 60x150 feet. The Delaware Rolling Mill, at Boonton, N. J., contemplates making extensive repairs. B. F. Wallis, Bellbuckle, Tenn., will soon erect a plow factory. Haradon & Chapman, Milford, Mass, expect to double the capacity of their machine shop. The Baldwin Locomotive Works are building thirteen engines a week. Chas. Miller & Son, Utica, N. Y., are about to erect a lead pipe factory. Will be ready for work about Sept. 1. The Ashland (N. II.) Knitting Company will erect a hosiery mill, 111x54 feet, two stories high, at the above-named place, and employ about 100 hands. The business men of Nashville, Tenn., have or-ganized an association to promote local manufac-tures. 
R. L. Cobb & Co., Little Rock, Ark., will remodel their machine shop and foundry, erect new build-ings and put in some new machinery. The $10,000 Knights of Labor shoe factory, Lynn, Mass., has started, with J. R. Nagle, of Salem, manager. 
Hudson, Mass., is to have a woollen mill built by Lowell, Mass., people if the town will vote a ten-year tax exemption. Felt's machine shop and foundry, Peterboro, N. II., has been sold to a Brooklyn (N. Y.) man who will employ thirty hands on knitting machinery. Larkin & Ribbeck have erected at New Iberia, La., a building 60x150 feet, for manufacturing boilers. 
The Benedict and Burnham Company will build large additions to their tubing mill and rolling mill at Waterbury, Conn. Armitage, Herschel & Co., of Tonawanda, N. Y., contemplate extensive repairs and enlargements of their already extensive machine shops. The Coe Brass Manufacturing Co. ity, of Tor-rington, Con►., will build a new brio, id stone building, 27\ 1W feet, II, Klxc A •o eperal 1 ve 1►010, ftwtory tot West od way, M►►s., Is 11,11411111,11,11,1111 at VallVatirl of the town rol.,,I11, .0111.1.14 to the  


The Brenham (Tex.) Banner says : " One hun-dred men are now at work in the railroad shops at Palestine, Tex. Not more than one-third of the men formerly in the shops have been taken back ; the others will have to go to other places for em-ployment. The Paris Manufacturing Company, South Paris, Me., have completed the plans for their new fac-tory, to replace the buildings lately destroyed by fire. It is to be a one-story building, 600 feet long and 65 feet wide, with brick partitions between the rooms. 
Special Bulletin No. 2, issued by the Armington. & Sims Co., Providence, R. I., gives directions for setting up, starting and running their engine. It is printed on satin finish white paper in the best style of typographic art. The directions are plain and to the point. The large addition to the Baker's Falls Iron and Brass Works, at Sandy Hill, N, Y., has been com-pleted, and the company will soon place additional machinery therein, also in the main building the largest iron planer north of the city of Albany. Business is very brisk. The Dickson Mfg. Co., Scranton, Pa., are building eight one thousand horse-power boilers, weighing 60 tons each. Single sheets of steel are used for the shell, which is 90 inches diameter. The boilers are for the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company. They are also building seven blowing engines for one party. The shops are full of work. Gen. John A. Logan is to be president of the Chi-cago Repeating Fire Arms Co., a new corporation that will erect a facto'. ,t Grand Crossing, in that city. The works will ou_,upy about six acres of ground, and are expected to have a capacity to pro-duce annually about 50,000 magazine rifles, 10.00 shotguns, and 50,000,000 cartridges. The Eaton, Cole & Burnham Co., Bridgeport, Conn., are putting up a three-story addition to their factory, about 60x60 feet, to be used for ship-ping and assembling purposes. The company con-template making extensive additions to their iron and brass foundry, the decision as to time depend-ing upon the course of business through the sum-mer. 0. E. Hughes is putting up a machine shop and foundry at Aberdeen, Dakota, the city having do-nated land for the purpose and use of the water from their artesian well for power, which will be supplied by a water motor. Aberdeen already has a large feed mill running from the power of the well, and soon will have their electric lights run-ning from the same power. The Brown Hoisting and Conveying Machine Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, of which Mr. Alex. E. Brown, C. E., is vice-president, reports orders in hand beyond their present capacity. The company will shortly erect shops equipped with the latest and most improved machinery, that will enple them to keep pace with their present and rapidly increasing business.—Railway Review. 'Pion Taunton Gazette says " there is no doubt l'r►m what 1.1411 1,0 loim,0,1 that Cho 001,1,011 Mann fikic-,,rs of Now England have pooled their issues******************************************************************************************************************************

finder this head we propose to 11 ',Hirer questions sent us, pertaining to our specialty, correctly, and according to common-sense methods. Every question, to insure any attention, must invari-ably be accompanied by the writer's name and address. If so requested, neither name, correct initials, nor loca-tion will be published. 
(194) J. S., Fremont, Ohio, writes : 1. Give me a rule for computing compound gearing for lathes ? A.—See AMERICAN MACHINIST of October 15, 1881. 2. What is pre-release ? A.—In a steam engine, if pre-release means anything it is the con-dition of exhaust brought about by the opening of the exhaust valve before the piston reaches the end of its stroke. 3. What is the British unit of heat ? A.—The quantity of heat which must be imparted to one pound of water of a temperature just above the freezing point to increase its tem-perature one degree Fahrenheit. 4. Can a rail-road machinist go on the road as engineer without other than shop practice ? A.—No. 5. How is malleable iron made ? A.—You will find a brief description of the process in the AMERICAN M ACHIN-IST of August 4, 1883. 6. What are the " proper-ties " of steam ? A.—The properties of steam, so-called, are anything which relate to its conditions, as temperature, density, etc. • (195) In Question 143, 1,3- should be sub-stituted for 3, which would give the height of the triangle 4.7694 feet, and the area 
4.7694 X 8 7.1541 feet. 2 
The contents would be 7.1541 x 16 9.836 feet. — 12 In last paragraph of Question 152, the product of 104 x 12 2-7 equals 1277.714. (196) A. L., New York, asks : how inany horse-power will a 16" double leather belt running from a 66", at 100 revolutions, to a 44" pulley, trans-mit with safety ? A.—We should say that, if pul-leys are not less than 16 feet apart, such a belt should comfortably transmit about 60 horse-power. (197) J. S. L., Allentown, Pa., writes : We have a 20" double belt running over a 60" pulley, which makes 160 revolutions per minute. This drives a 48" pulley. The belt is perpendicular. What power will it transmit ? A.—You neglect to give the distance apart of the shafts. Vertical belts are not satisfactory in their operations. We should expect that with centers 16 feet apart you could satisfactorily transmit above 60 horse-power. 2. We have a 12" double belt running over a 54" pulley, at 200 revolutions per minute, to a 32" pulley. How many horse-power will this transmit? A.—We understand the belt to be horizontal, in which case, if the centers are as far apart as in the seceding instance, this belt ought to transmit 70 , „ -)t^ ,198) "I. B., Brooklyn, N. Y., asks : What ,ze boat. ;ill a 4"x5" engine drive at a speed of nili-6 miles per hour ? A.—Such an engine will be right for a boat about 30 feet long and 6 feet beam, but the arrangement will have to be good to get a speed of utile mites, 

USII1ESS 

PECIRS 
Transient Advertisements 50 cents a line for each insertion under this head. About seven words make a line. Copy should be sent to reach us not later than Wednesday for the ensuing week's issue. 
Alt, Mechanical Engraver on Wood, 318 B'way., NY T. M. Parker, Steel Stamps, Stencils, Ilartford,Ct. J. Clayton,Air Compressors,Rock Drills,43 Dey st,NY Edw. Sears, Wood Engraver, 48 Beekman st., N.Y. Steel Name Stamps, etc. J. B. Roney, Lynn, Mass. Tack, Wire and Shoe Nail Machinery. Wm. A. Sweetser, Brockton, Mass. Selden Packing, for stuffing-box, with or without rubber core. Randolph Brandt, 38 Cortlaudt st., NY The Best Upright Hammers run by belt are made by W. P. Duncan & Co., Bellefonte, Pa. Light articles built to order by the American Sew-ing Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia st., New York, Improved Hydraulic Jacks and Roller Tube Expanders. Pattern and Brand Letters. Vanderburgh, Wells & Co., cor. Fulton and Dutch sts., New York. Foot-power Machinery, for workshop use, sent on trial if desired. W. F. & Jno. Barnes, Rockford, Ill. Improved Labor-saving Upright Drills, 20-in. to 36-in., inclusive. Currier & Snyder,Worcester,M ass. " Morrison's Practical Engineer." A comploto treatise (200 pp.) on steam and general mach. Mai led on receipt of $1. W.A.Morrison, Box 373, Lowell, M ass Engine Lathes, Hand Lathes, and other flue tools, Assortment large ; prices low. Frasse & Co., 62 Chatham st., N. Y. E. Merritt & Co., Brockton, Mass., established 1859, only manufacturers of a complete line of Tack and Nail Machinery. Send for circulars. Files recut without drawing temper, about one-half usual prices ; samples recut free ; prices on application. The Acme Co., Collinsville, Conn. Curtis Pressure Regulators, Curtis Return Trap Curtis Damper Regulator. See May 1, p. 10. Send for circular No. 17. Curtis Reg. Co., Boston, Mass. " Complete Practical Machinist," $2.50 ; "Mechan-ical Drawing Self-taught," $4. Books for work-men. Joshua Rose, Box 3306. New York City. 
Bound Volumes of the AMERICAN MACHINIST for the years 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884 and 1885. These volumes are strongly bound in cloth, and will wear well. Price $3.50 each ; express charges additional. AM. MACHINIST PUB'G CO., 96 Fulton st., N. Y. St. John Improved Self-adjusting Cylinder Pack-ing, for marine and stationary engines and locomo-tives ; applicable to water, air, oil and ammonia pumps. For durability and minimum of friction, it is ' unexcelled. Send for pamphlet. Address, Bal-ance Valve and Piston Packing Co., room 58, 280 Broadway, New York. Patent Binders for the AMERICAN MACHINIST, holding a complete volume (52 issues), simple, neat, durable. Price $1, prepaid, to any part of the United States by mail. To Canada or foreign coun-tries the price will be 75c. ; purchasers pay express charges and customs duties. AM. MACHINIST PUB'G CC, . 96 Fulton st., N. Y. yindicator Practice and Steam Engine Economy." r F. Ti-,,,,nway. Contains plain directions for -)r,d making all required carcu-„ more Econe ; also the principles of Cl, an- any otiiee engines, and current pro Book •Outairit_ tr. boilers. Price, $2, pos', hi Sons, 15 Astor ,s`C 33 JOHN gv•REFT, N, 

1,11'1'11. 1∎1111111,11► 11 1.1111• Irr,V11 WIII NI►11• IL 1.1 11 IAA OS.11,1101011. 
K'nit's n►tollino shop and foundry, l'oto•boro, N. II., has been sold to a Brooklyn (N. Y.) man who will employ thirty hands on knitting machinery. Larkin & Ribbeck have erected at New Iberia, La., a building 60x150 feet, for manufacturing boilers. 
The Benedict and Burnham Company will build large additions to their tubing mill and rolling mill at Waterbury, Conn. Armitage, Herschel & Co., of Tonawanda, N. Y., contemplate extensive repairs and enlargements of their already extensive machine shops. The Coe Brass Manufacturing Company, of Tor-rington, Conn., will build a now brick and stone building, 27x150 foot in size. A co-operative boot factory at West Medway, Mass., is planned, and a canvass of the town for sub-scribers to the stock of the company is afoot. F. Scholes will put up two buildings for manufac-turing purposes at foot of Ross street, Brooklyn, N. Y. They will each be 17x50 feet and two stories high. 
It is said that all the mills at Fall River are soon to change their running time and allow but forty-11 ye minutes at noon, stopping half a day on Satur-days. 
C. B. Demarest will erect a four-story brick fac-tory on Kent avenue near Grand street, Brooklyn, N. Y. It will be 46x82 feet, and will be heated by steam. 
The Knights of Labor of Phillipsburg, N. J., have formed a co-operative stove manufacturing com-pany. They have purchased the old Robinson car-riage factory for their business. 
Work has been commenced on the Savannah, Dublin and Western Railroad in Georgia. The company will erect shops, probably at Dublin.—Baltimore Manufacturers' Record. W. E. Caldwell, of Louisville, Ky., will build a two-story metal-covered machine shop and ware-house on the south side of Main, between Brook and Floyd streets. At the annual meeting,the town of Burnham, Me., voted to give away or sell at a nominal price a val-uable water-power and several acres of land to any person who will come there and improve the same. Joshua Register's Sons, of Baltimore, have pur-chased land at the junction of the Baltimore and Ohio, Philadelphia branch, and the Union Railroad for the erection of a foundry. Mr. Thomas Henry, Jr., & Co., have commenced operations on a fine cotton-spinning mill to be erected on Trenton avenue and Tioga street, Phila-delphia. The estimated cost of the plant is $70,-000.—Textile Record. 
It is reported that W. 0. Atwood, of Guilford, Conn., has awarded the contract for building a silk mill, 110x45 feet, three stories high, with a tower 15x20, four stories high. There will also be engine, boiler and dye houses. The Railway Review, in its issuq of .h it 17, pub-lishes a number of items phi's-r=esent busi-ness of Cleveland, 01- j. Most of them reported ' than 
&
wor. 0. E. Ilughos is putting up a 111/1,011110 shop and foundry at Aberdeen, Dakota, the city having do-nated land for the purpose and use of the water from their artesian well for power, which will be supplied by a water motor. Aberdeen already has a large feed mill running from the power of the well, and soon will have their electric lights run-ning fi-om the same power. The Brown Hoisting and Conveying Machine Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, of which Mr. Alex. E. Brown, C. E., is vice-president, reports orders in hand beyond their present capacity. The company will shortly erect shops equipped with the latest and most improved machinery, that will enable them to keep pace with their present and rapidly increasing business.—Railway Review. The Taunton Gazette says " there is no doubt from what can be learned that the cotton manufac-turers of New England have pooled their issues and effected a combination for practical use in case of strikes or labor troubles of any kind. It was this that caused the cessation of trouble at the Bates mill in Maine a short time ago. There is little reason to doubt that the mills lying idle in New England to-day are drawing from the general fund to recompense them for the silence of their machinery." The 2Etna Iron Works, of Quincy will be removed to Chicago on the 1st of June. The company is now building a factory for the manufacture of archi-tectural and structual work in iron and steel for public and private buildings and other construc-tions. One building, 52x235 feet in area and two stories high, of wood and iron, is now in process of erection. A specialty will be made of a new steel casting. Both crucible and homogeneous steel will be made. One hundred and fifty men will be em-ployed. A press dispatch from Philadelphia, dated April 19, says : " Several new blast furnaces are to be built. Rolling mill capacity is to be increased to a small extent. Lower iron and steel quotations are improbable. Nails are $2.25 to $2.50, and demand active. Wrought-iron pipe mills are oversold. Steel rail mills are booking orders for the fall at thirty-five to thirty-six dollars. But little foreign iron is arriving. Contracts were placed this week for 30,000 tons of foreign material. The carriage and wagon manufacturers of the New England and Middle States are busier than they have been for three years. The demand for all kinds of ma-chinery for the West and South is heavy, and ma-chine shops are making full time, though in very few cases are their orders for delivery beyond 60 days." Plans and specifications for the location of an ex-tensive steel plant at Hammond, Ind., are nearly ready, and contracts will soon be let. There will be a nail factory, 336x120 feet, with a capacity of 1,300 kegs of nails per day ; a plate and blooming mill, 75x225 ; warehouse, 150x80 ; blacksmith and machine shop, 135x40 ; producer house, 130x50 ; keg factory, 125x40 ; bluing house, 60x30 ; boiler house and office building. These buildings will be brick, and fireproof throughout. There will be 12, ton open-hearth furnaces, one blooming mill, or nail mill, and other necessary machinery re in the steel works. These works will r• outia,A7 "e about $400,000. Operatiomv as goon as contracts are let. Cs: - 

finder this head we propose to 11 ',Hirer questions sent us, pertaining to our specialty, correctly, and according to common-sense methods. Every question, to insure any attention, must invari-ably be accompanied by the writer's name and address. If so requested, neither name, correct initials, nor loca-tion will be published. 
(194) J. S., Fremont, Ohio, writes : 1. Give me a rule for computing compound gearing for lathes ? A.—See AMERICAN MACHINIST of October 15, 1881. 2. What is pre-release ? A.—In a steam engine, if pre-release means anything it is the con-dition of exhaust brought about by the opening of the exhaust valve before the piston reaches the end of its stroke. 3. What is the British unit of heat ? A.—The quantity of heat which must be imparted to one pound of water of a temperature just above the freezing point to increase its tem-perature one degree Fahrenheit. 4. Can a rail-road machinist go on the road as engineer without other than shop practice ? A.—No. 5. How is malleable iron made ? A.—You will find a brief description of the process in the AMERICAN M ACHIN-IST of August 4, 1883. 6. What are the " proper-ties " of steam ? A.—The properties of steam, so-called, are anything which relate to its conditions, as temperature, density, etc. • (195) In Question 143, 1,3- should be sub-stituted for 3, which would give the height of the triangle 4.7694 feet, and the area 
4.7694 X 8 7.1541 feet. 2 
The contents would be 7.1541 x 16 9.836 feet. — 12 In last paragraph of Question 152, the product of 104 x 12 2-7 equals 1277.714. (196) A. L., New York, asks : how inany horse-power will a 16" double leather belt running from a 66", at 100 revolutions, to a 44" pulley, trans-mit with safety ? A.—We should say that, if pul-leys are not less than 16 feet apart, such a belt should comfortably transmit about 60 horse-power. (197) J. S. L., Allentown, Pa., writes : We have a 20" double belt running over a 60" pulley, which makes 160 revolutions per minute. This drives a 48" pulley. The belt is perpendicular. What power will it transmit ? A.—You neglect to give the distance apart of the shafts. Vertical belts are not satisfactory in their operations. We should expect that with centers 16 feet apart you could satisfactorily transmit above 60 horse-power. 2. We have a 12" double belt running over a 54" pulley, at 200 revolutions per minute, to a 32" pulley. How many horse-power will this transmit? A.—We understand the belt to be horizontal, in which case, if the centers are as far apart as in the seceding instance, this belt ought to transmit 70 , „ -)t^ ,198) "I. B., Brooklyn, N. Y., asks : What ,ze boat. ;ill a 4"x5" engine drive at a speed of nili-6 miles per hour ? A.—Such an engine will be right for a boat about 30 feet long and 6 feet beam, but the arrangement will have to be good to get a speed of utile mites, 

USII1ESS 

PECIRS 
Transient Advertisements 50 cents a line for each insertion under this head. About seven words make a line. Copy should be sent to reach us not later than Wednesday for the ensuing week's issue. 
Alt, Mechanical Engraver on Wood, 318 B'way., NY T. M. Parker, Steel Stamps, Stencils, Ilartford,Ct. J. Clayton,Air Compressors,Rock Drills,43 Dey st,NY Edw. Sears, Wood Engraver, 48 Beekman st., N.Y. Steel Name Stamps, etc. J. B. Roney, Lynn, Mass. Tack, Wire and Shoe Nail Machinery. Wm. A. Sweetser, Brockton, Mass. Selden Packing, for stuffing-box, with or without rubber core. Randolph Brandt, 38 Cortlaudt st., NY The Best Upright Hammers run by belt are made by W. P. Duncan & Co., Bellefonte, Pa. Light articles built to order by the American Sew-ing Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia st., New York, Improved Hydraulic Jacks and Roller Tube Expanders. Pattern and Brand Letters. Vanderburgh, Wells & Co., cor. Fulton and Dutch sts., New York. Foot-power Machinery, for workshop use, sent on trial if desired. W. F. & Jno. Barnes, Rockford, Ill. Improved Labor-saving Upright Drills, 20-in. to 36-in., inclusive. Currier & Snyder,Worcester,M ass. " Morrison's Practical Engineer." A comploto treatise (200 pp.) on steam and general mach. Mai led on receipt of $1. W.A.Morrison, Box 373, Lowell, M ass Engine Lathes, Hand Lathes, and other flue tools, Assortment large ; prices low. Frasse & Co., 62 Chatham st., N. Y. E. Merritt & Co., Brockton, Mass., established 1859, only manufacturers of a complete line of Tack and Nail Machinery. Send for circulars. Files recut without drawing temper, about one-half usual prices ; samples recut free ; prices on application. The Acme Co., Collinsville, Conn. Curtis Pressure Regulators, Curtis Return Trap Curtis Damper Regulator. See May 1, p. 10. Send for circular No. 17. Curtis Reg. Co., Boston, Mass. " Complete Practical Machinist," $2.50 ; "Mechan-ical Drawing Self-taught," $4. Books for work-men. Joshua Rose, Box 3306. New York City. 
Bound Volumes of the AMERICAN MACHINIST for the years 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884 and 1885. These volumes are strongly bound in cloth, and will wear well. Price $3.50 each ; express charges additional. AM. MACHINIST PUB'G CO., 96 Fulton st., N. Y. St. John Improved Self-adjusting Cylinder Pack-ing, for marine and stationary engines and locomo-tives ; applicable to water, air, oil and ammonia pumps. For durability and minimum of friction, it is ' unexcelled. Send for pamphlet. Address, Bal-ance Valve and Piston Packing Co., room 58, 280 Broadway, New York. Patent Binders for the AMERICAN MACHINIST, holding a complete volume (52 issues), simple, neat, durable. Price $1, prepaid, to any part of the United States by mail. To Canada or foreign coun-tries the price will be 75c. ; purchasers pay express charges and customs duties. AM. MACHINIST PUB'G CC, . 96 Fulton st., N. Y. yindicator Practice and Steam Engine Economy." r F. Ti-,,,,nway. Contains plain directions for -)r,d making all required carcu-„ more Econe ; also the principles of Cl, an- any otiiee engines, and current pro Book •Outairit_ tr. boilers. Price, $2, pos', hi Sons, 15 Astor ,s`C 33 JOHN gv•REFT, N, 

1,11'1'11. 1∎1111111,11► 11 1.1111• Irr,V11 WIII NI►11• IL 1.1 11 IAA OS.11,1101011. 
K'nit's n►tollino shop and foundry, l'oto•boro, N. II., has been sold to a Brooklyn (N. Y.) man who will employ thirty hands on knitting machinery. Larkin & Ribbeck have erected at New Iberia, La., a building 60x150 feet, for manufacturing boilers. 
The Benedict and Burnham Company will build large additions to their tubing mill and rolling mill at Waterbury, Conn. Armitage, Herschel & Co., of Tonawanda, N. Y., contemplate extensive repairs and enlargements of their already extensive machine shops. The Coe Brass Manufacturing Company, of Tor-rington, Conn., will build a now brick and stone building, 27x150 foot in size. A co-operative boot factory at West Medway, Mass., is planned, and a canvass of the town for sub-scribers to the stock of the company is afoot. F. Scholes will put up two buildings for manufac-turing purposes at foot of Ross street, Brooklyn, N. Y. They will each be 17x50 feet and two stories high. 
It is said that all the mills at Fall River are soon to change their running time and allow but forty-11 ye minutes at noon, stopping half a day on Satur-days. 
C. B. Demarest will erect a four-story brick fac-tory on Kent avenue near Grand street, Brooklyn, N. Y. It will be 46x82 feet, and will be heated by steam. 
The Knights of Labor of Phillipsburg, N. J., have formed a co-operative stove manufacturing com-pany. They have purchased the old Robinson car-riage factory for their business. 
Work has been commenced on the Savannah, Dublin and Western Railroad in Georgia. The company will erect shops, probably at Dublin.—Baltimore Manufacturers' Record. W. E. Caldwell, of Louisville, Ky., will build a two-story metal-covered machine shop and ware-house on the south side of Main, between Brook and Floyd streets. At the annual meeting,the town of Burnham, Me., voted to give away or sell at a nominal price a val-uable water-power and several acres of land to any person who will come there and improve the same. Joshua Register's Sons, of Baltimore, have pur-chased land at the junction of the Baltimore and Ohio, Philadelphia branch, and the Union Railroad for the erection of a foundry. Mr. Thomas Henry, Jr., & Co., have commenced operations on a fine cotton-spinning mill to be erected on Trenton avenue and Tioga street, Phila-delphia. The estimated cost of the plant is $70,-000.—Textile Record. 
It is reported that W. 0. Atwood, of Guilford, Conn., has awarded the contract for building a silk mill, 110x45 feet, three stories high, with a tower 15x20, four stories high. There will also be engine, boiler and dye houses. The Railway Review, in its issuq of .h it 17, pub-lishes a number of items phi's-r=esent busi-ness of Cleveland, 01- j. Most of them reported ' than 
'‘T 

wor. 0. E. Ilughos is putting up a 111/1,011110 shop and foundry at Aberdeen, Dakota, the city having do-nated land for the purpose and use of the water from their artesian well for power, which will be supplied by a water motor. Aberdeen already has a large feed mill running from the power of the well, and soon will have their electric lights run-ning fi-om the same power. The Brown Hoisting and Conveying Machine Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, of which Mr. Alex. E. Brown, C. E., is vice-president, reports orders in hand beyond their present capacity. The company will shortly erect shops equipped with the latest and most improved machinery, that will enable them to keep pace with their present and rapidly increasing business.—Railway Review. The Taunton Gazette says " there is no doubt from what can be learned that the cotton manufac-turers of New England have pooled their issues and effected a combination for practical use in case of strikes or labor troubles of any kind. It was this that caused the cessation of trouble at the Bates mill in Maine a short time ago. There is little reason to doubt that the mills lying idle in New England to-day are drawing from the general fund to recompense them for the silence of their machinery." The 2Etna Iron Works, of Quincy will be removed to Chicago on the 1st of June. The company is now building a factory for the manufacture of archi-tectural and structual work in iron and steel for public and private buildings and other construc-tions. One building, 52x235 feet in area and two stories high, of wood and iron, is now in process of erection. A specialty will be made of a new steel casting. Both crucible and homogeneous steel will be made. One hundred and fifty men will be em-ployed. A press dispatch from Philadelphia, dated April 19, says : " Several new blast furnaces are to be built. Rolling mill capacity is to be increased to a small extent. Lower iron and steel quotations are improbable. Nails are $2.25 to $2.50, and demand active. Wrought-iron pipe mills are oversold. Steel rail mills are booking orders for the fall at thirty-five to thirty-six dollars. But little foreign iron is arriving. Contracts were placed this week for 30,000 tons of foreign material. The carriage and wagon manufacturers of the New England and Middle States are busier than they have been for three years. The demand for all kinds of ma-chinery for the West and South is heavy, and ma-chine shops are making full time, though in very few cases are their orders for delivery beyond 60 days." Plans and specifications for the location of an ex-tensive steel plant at Hammond, Ind., are nearly ready, and contracts will soon be let. There will be a nail factory, 336x120 feet, with a capacity of 1,300 kegs of nails per day ; a plate and blooming mill, 75x225 ; warehouse, 150x80 ; blacksmith and machine shop, 135x40 ; producer house, 130x50 ; keg factory, 125x40 ; bluing house, 60x30 ; boiler house and office building. These buildings will be brick, and fireproof throughout. There will be 12, ton open-hearth furnaces, one blooming mill, or nail mill, and other necessary machinery re in the steel works. These works will r• outia,A7 "e about $400,000. Operatiomv as goon as contracts are let. Cs: - 

  "
pg-10b

 pg-10-top  MAY 8, 1886  AMERICAN MACHINIST 

MAY 8, 1886 _AMERICiA_ MACHINIST

pg 10 [MAY 8, 1886 
Machinists' Supplies and Iron. 
NEw YORK, April 22, 1886. Business is dull. The demand has been almost entirely of a retail character, and buyers are con-servative, and unwilling to increase thefrstock_be-yond present need. Iron—In American pig the week's business has been very unsatisfactory. No. 1 X, Foundry, at tide water, $17.00 to $17.50; Standard, Lehigh and North River, $18.00 to $19.00 ; Grey Forge, $16.00 to $16.50. Scotch Pig—Quiet and steady. Coltness, $20.25 to $20.50; Glengarnock, $19.50 ; Gartsherrie, $19.50 to $20.00 ; Summerlee, $20.25. Lead—Market demoralized at 4.60c. 
*WANTED 
" Situation and Help" Advertisements, 30 cents a line for each insertion under this head. About seven words make a line. Copy should be sent to reach us not later than Wednesday morning for the ensuing week's issue. 
Wanted—Situation by first-class machinist, on vise, lathe and planer. Address J. A. D., Am. MA-CHINIST. Situation by Al draftsman ; wide experience ; posted in all details of shop and office work. Ad-dress Chicago, Au. MACHINIST. Wanted—A position as foreman boiler maker. Can furnish the best of reference as to character and ability. Address, R. C. R., AMERICAN MACHINIST. Wanted—A competent man to manufacture ful-minate of met'cury and load cartridge primers. State age, experience, etc., with expectations. Address, box 7, AMERICAN MACHINIST. Situation wanted by a first-class machinist and tool-makes ; understands thoroughly the charge of men ; a good draftsman. Address F., Am. MA-CHINIST. Wanted—An experienced machinery salesman ; must have a thorough knoWledge of all classes of mining machinery, and a large acquaintance throughout the mining districts of the West ; one who can put some money into the concern pre-ferred. Address L., AM. MACHINIST. Wanted—Superintendent for a large and pros-perous machine works (located in a large western city) manufacturing engines, boilers and mining machinery. Must be able to invest several thous-and dollars as we wish him to be identified with the concern. Address, giving experience and refer-ences, W M., AMERICAN MACHINIST. Wanted—Superintending Mechanical Engineer to take charge of the Canadian Locomotive and Engine Co.'s Works, at Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Must be competent to undertake the construction of locomo-tive, stationary, marine, pumping, hoisting engines, etc., etc., in fact, all the work of a general engineer-ing establishment. Apply, stating age, experience, references. and salary wanted, to Wm. Harty, Managing Director. 
+ MISCELLANEOUS WANTS . Advertisements will be inserted under this head at 35 cents per line, each insertion. 
The Crescent Steel Tube Scraper is lilt, Cros-(lout Mfg. Co., Cl►voland, Ohio. Light miLeil'y of id! Iclodm II l'on-nIngton& Mills, M at ,.11,1'fil,y CILy Ilelg ts, N. .1. Mffis I for mill to BRADLEY'S u;SRIII:EilD46THE DEANE STEAM PUMP CO. HOLYOKE, MASS. HELVE BUILD HAMMER 1110:11 WORE: ENGINES 

Combines all the best elements es• sential in a first-class Hammer. Has more good points, does more and better work and costs less for re-pairs than 
any o.lier Hammer in the World. 
BRADLEY& CO. Syracuse, N.Y. 

STERM PUMPING Send for Catalogue No. 18. MACHINERY.  
THE BROWN HAMMER STRIKES A BLOW WITH DOUBLE THE VELOCITY That it Rains The Hammel% A NEW MOVEMENT 1 SEND FOR DESCRIPTION. KNOWLTON MFG. CO., King St., Rockford, 111. 
BEAUDRY'SUPR!CHI CUSHIONED 

„ By far the Best. Blow Accurate. Powerful and Elastic 
Will Inerease the _ - - ..- Profits of any Shop. - 13 11....A.I.T1)1ZY &Z CUNNING-BOSrON. MASSACHUSETTS. 
W JOHNS IttitESTOS. 
Roofing, Building Felt, Steam Packings, Boiler Coverings, Fire Proof Paints, Cements, Etc. Samples and Descriptive Price Lists Free. H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y. 175 Randolph St., Chicago; 170 N. 4th St., P iladelph'z.. 

HE DUPLEX INJECTOR 
THE BEST BOILER FEEDER K NO WN Not, Ilahin •to put Mit 01 ...•. ••-• • .... 
Ericsson Hot Air Pumping Engine OVER 5,000 IN USE 
For lifting water to upper floors of buildings, city or country. Arranged to burn either Coal, Gas, Wood or Gasoline Gas. 1\■o boiler I No steam 1 No engineer Absolutely safe C. H. DELAY' A9P-1ER, ' CO., ( Delamater Iron Works) Warerooms : 16 CorfZandt St., N. Y. 
THE M. T. DAVIDSON IMPROVED STEAM PUMP 
MANUFACTURED BY 
Regular Pump.DAVIDSON STEAM PUMP COMPANY. 
W A RPIEN " I) BEST PUMP MADE FOR ALL SITUATIONS. 
PRINCIPAL OFFICE, No. 77 LIBERTY STREET, N. Y. 
NEW ENGLAND OFFICE, 51 OLIVER STREET, BOSTON, MASS. 
\ GUILD & GARRISON, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
STEAM PUMPS, VACUUM PUMPS, AIR COMPRESSORS. NEW CATALOGUE NOW READY. *

**********************************************************

who (101 itoitt.►it ierrod. Address L., Am. M N 1ST. Wanted—Superintendent for a large and pros-perous machine works (located in a large western city) manufacturing engines, boilers and mining machinery. Must be able to invest several thous-and dollars as we wish him to be identified with the concern. Address, giving experience and refer-ences, W M., AMERICAN MACHINIST. Wanted—Superintending Mechanical Engineer to take charge of the Canadian Locomotive and Engine Co.'s Works, at Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Must be competent to undertake the construction of locomo-tive, stationary, marine, pumping, hoisting engines, etc., etc., in fact, all the work of a general engineer-ing establishment. Apply, stating age, experience, references. and salary wanted, to Wm. Harty, Managing Director. 
.1• MISCELLANEOUS WAVY'S .1. Advertisements will be inserted under this head at 35 cents per line, each insertion. 
The Crescent Steel Tube Scraper is king. Cres-cent Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Light mach'y of all kinds built at short notice. Pen-nington & Mills, 8 Dey st., Jersey City Heights, N. J. Son i for estimates of high-speed compound en-gines for stationary and marine service. Crist Engine Works, 140 Baxter street, N. Y. Useful information steam users and engineers 100 page book on care, etc., of boilers. Send 25 cents in stamps. J. N. Mills Pub. Co., 30 Vesey st., N. Y. Special tools and machines for mfg. designed and built to order ; mechanical and Patent Office draw-ings. Weston & Smith, Syracuse, N. Y. Tabor indicators ; one pair in box, with full set of springs ; • all in good order ; will be sold for $100 cash. Address B., Box 99, An. MACHINIST. Boiler shop needed in a manufacturing town in New York State ; excellent opportunity for a live man ; advertiser willing to aid in securing orders. Address Box 8, An. MACHINIST. For Sale Cheap—One new 15y,x10 ft. bead back-geared screw-cutting lathe, power cross-feed, 11-16 hole through spindle, Jones & Lamson make. Ad-dress Box 421, Mount Holly, N. J. For Sale—Book giving the wheels for cutting screws on any lathe, single or compound gearing. Price, 50 cents. D. J. Mallory, P. 0. box 29, Dayton, Campbell Co., Ky. For Sale—One new 20.1 swing 12-foot bed engine lathe. One new 13 " Merriman bolt cutter. Full description on application. Address, box 886, New Haven, Conn. M. Martin, manufacturer, P. 0. Box 285, New Brunswick, N. J., will contract for the manufacture of articles in brass and other metals (stamped or turned), and dies and tools for making same ; also patent novelties, electrical inventions, special ma-chinery castings, etc.; estimates cheerfully given. 
FOR SALE. 
A Well-known Machine Shop in a Mantitateturilvr City, N EAR BOSTON. Capacity, 30 "'lianas. Now MAKING MON I.Y. Death causes sale. Address, 1+:71:Er TAMIL, care Am. Machinist. 

Ily far the Hest. Blow Accurate. Powerful and Elastic 
0 Will Increase the  = Profits of any Shop. 13 .11.:A.I.T13R-Y & CUNNI1VGI-IAM, BOSTON. MASSACHUSETTS. 
We JOHNS TARSABDEESTORSx Roofing, Building Felt, Steam Packings, Boiler Coverings, Fire Proof Paints, Cements, Etc. Samples and Descriptive Price Lists Free. H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y. 175 Randolph St., Chicago; 170 N. 4th St., P iladelph`z. 

THE DUPLEX INJECTiR THE BEST BOILER FEEDER KNOWN, Not liable to get out of order. Will lift water 25 feet. Always delivers water hot to the boiler. Will start when it is hot. Will feed water through a heater. Manufactured and for sale by JAMES JENKS & CO., Detroit, Mich. 
PATENT UNIVEIMAL C.CIZEW- CUTTING-, CENTRE, DEPTH, ANGLE AND TWILIT DRILL GAUGE. J. WYK E & CO , Fine Machini,ts' Tools, E. BOSTON, MASS. Send for circular. 

021g:1210, 

pATENT on I tivinullian1111111H11111111111allf LLAI1ER HUCK 
1\t'll311111 
Self-Adjusting. 
Combine valuable feat-ures offered by no other tool In range of opening; advantage ofself-adjusting jaw worked by a single screw; graduated base, etc. Parts interchangeable. Chucks guaran teed. Sold by the trade, Send for Catalogue. MELVIN STEPEEITS, rrop'r, Office, 41 Dey Street, New lock. 
FINE BUSINESS OPENING 
For a Practical Machinist with a specialty to manufacture, together with g' neral jobbing business. We have a well equipped Machine Shop, with tools and power to lease. Our large foundry adjoining can be rentea if desired, with a fair business assured. One year's rent and probably more could be paid in machine work. Some financial aid given if necessary, to responsible parties with moderate capital. Good references required. HARRIS MFG. CO., Rutland, Vt. 
ANNOUNCEMENT ! 
We have just issued a new and very complete 111u8- trated Cafceloyue, which we will be pleased to snail to our patrons and others on application: KNOWLES STEAM PUMP WORKS, 93 Liberty Street, New York, 44 Washington Street, Boston. 

Itegular Pump. 
TVA 
Solid Steel Drawing Tacks, by mail cts. per dozen, also manufacturers of steel, iron and brass. Set and Machine Screws. Small Routine articles of every description. HENRY & =SW, 81 Pine St., New Haven, Conn. 
VACUUM PUMPS, AIR COMPRESSORS. N (1.1'1',1 14;/ )11, 
FOR SALE AT A BARGAIN. 
A well established and good paying machine she and foundry, including buildings, lots, machiner and stock, situated in Leadville, Col. The bus - Write ness will be carried on until sold, thus at once i for giving a profitable trade to the purchaser. Address, I Illustrat-A. FALKENAU, ed Care of Dickson Mfg. Co., I Circular. Scranton, Pa. --Only reason for selling, ill health. Pat. Sept. 25, 188:3. 
EMERY-WHEEL TOOL Four Sizes. 
Guaranteed Satisfactory 


GRINDER. SPRINGFIELD GLUE & EMERY WHEEL CO., Springfleld,Mato 
DRAWING INSTRUMENTSI 
Send for 72-Page ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. 
WM. T. COMSTOCK, 6 Astor Place, New York. 

CITIARS RED AND BROWN. For painting. ROOFS, I, AMORY and FARM BUILD-INGS. FENCES, IRON WORK, EXPOSED BRICK WALLS, &c. made of Pure Linseed Oil and highest grades of Iron Oxide. Send for liAreulaEr. Address W. . STWART, 74 (1°14-Intuit street, New York. READY ROOFING, for now roofs. 
ON THE 
CARE OF BOILERS. THE FIREMAN'S GUIDE. A hand-book on the 
Care of Boilers. Translated and revised by KARL P. DAHLSTROM. Third edition, live, cloth. PRICE, FIFTY CENTS, POST-PAID. E. ac F. N. SPON, 35 Murray St., New York, Publishers of Mechanical Books. 
..p-,ters of td-ribu-7.0 0 U1 I ); 
COOKE & CO 
•9 Dealers in Machinery and Supplies 
22 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK, Agent, for McDANIEL'S SUCTION FITTING For Correcting Poor Circulation in Steam Pipes. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. 

Write for Prices and Mention this Paper 
JOINERY SECOND-HAND, FOR SALE 
One 36"x38"x12' POND PLANER. One 20"x 10' LINCOLN LATHE. One 16"x 6' STAB. LATHE. 
One 23"x 8' NEW HAVEN LATHE. One 1,1"x 5' s'I'A It 14411•11E. 2 NEW OPEN DIE RIVET MACHINES. 
THE HENDEY MACHINE COMM TORRINGTON, CONN. ( 
BEST CRATE BAR EVER INVENTED. • o °0°00°0°0 Oco (:)o o o 00 

0_00_0 20 „,0 0 0 u0 0 '-'00c`-:00('-;00(:;-'0 00'00(`-; 

0 
THIS BAR was fully illustrated and de-scribed in the Amerig,e_ .;slachinist bear-ing date March 27, 1818,, For Pull Particulars and ,,to make it, Address JOHN G. isv °on & CO., 56 West Market Street, 7e, Pa. 

 ANIMMINIM111.1:. 
BETTS MACHINE ,44. WILMINGTON, 1 MAKERS OF 
:Metal. working Macklin, 
F f3UP Pt (DR. Q. TT V-17 '`vr FOR USE IN 

Nif 


 AIM 
FOR SALE AT A BARGAIN. 
A well established andgood paying machine shop and foundry, including buildings, lots, machinery and stock, situated in Leadville, Col. The busy-ness will be carried on until sold, thus at once giving a profitable trade to the purchaser. Address, A. FALKENAU, Care of Dickson Mfg. Co., Scranton, Pa. Only reason for selling, ill health. 
1.11111146 
Send for 72-Pagt, ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. 
WM. T. COMSTOCK , Aolor - New liorli• 
EMERY-WHEEL TOOL GRINDER. 
Four Sizes. 
Guaranteed Satisfactory 

SPRINGFIELD GLUE & EMERY WHEEL CO., Springfleld,Mas4 ters of diribu---. F1 o „, c,f, ,.., ,„, 
Write for Illustrat-ed Circular. Pat. Sept. 25, 1883. 

111 


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pg-11,top 

 pg-11-top  MAY 8, 1886  
MAY 8, 1886   AMERICAN MACHINIST 
pg-11 
NICHOLSON FILE CO., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF 
FILES AND RASPS 
HAVING THE INCREMENT CUT. Also, FILERS' TOOLS AND SPECIALTIES. Nicholson Idle Co.'s Files and hasps, " Double Ender" Saw Files, " Slim "Saw Files, " Racer " Itasps. Ilandb.d Ilifllers Machinists' Scrapers, File Brushes, File Cards, Surface File Holders, Yise File dolders, Stub Files and folders, lmproled But chers' Steels. Manufactory and Cflico at PROVIDENCE, R. I., U. S. A. 
THE hmiCOCK INSPIRATOR.  THE STANDARD 
BOILER FEEDER FOR ALL CLASSES OF BOILERS. OVER 75,000 IN USE. Send for Circulars and Price Lists. THE HANCOCK INSPIRATOR ., 
OFFICE, 33 INDIA WHARF, BOSTON, MASS. 
HE NEW `: CRESHAM" T Automatic PATENT Re-Starting INJECTOR 

" Invaluable for use in T action, Farm, Portable Ma-rine and Stationary Boile of all kinds. No handles required. Water supply v y difficult ta break. Capa-c:) (t1 bility of restarting automatically immediately after in-terruption to feed from any cause." 
a"-Send for Catalogue. Reliable and Cheap. 
Sole Manufacturers in the United States and Canada, NATHAN MANUFACTURING CO. Nos. 92 and 94 Liberty Street, New York. 
3Cstablished. In 1874. 


CLEVELAND TWIST DRILL CO. Force Blast Rotary Blower 
24 and 26 Wes Street, Cleveland, 0. 191 Chambers Street, New York. 85 Queen Victoria St., London, Eng. 
I NDICATOR1 PRACTICE 
4irthrn rri tv:rtri ErsainftrvIti 
REDUCED PRICES OF LECOUNT'Sce STRAIGHT TAIL DOG. No. INCH. PRICE. No. INCH. PRICE 1 % $0.60 $1.35 2  .70 1.45 3 1 .70 12... 3 .... 1.60 .80 1.80 5 1V4.... .80 14....4 .... 2.10 6 13X4.... .95 2.75 7 14.... .95 16....5 ... 3.25 8  1.10 4.10 o53 3 9 2 .... 1.20 18....6 .... 5.00 1 Set to 2 in. 7.80 Full Set ....MAO 

C. W. 
South Norwalk, Coml.. ITALIA 

BIER PISTON PUMP 
laurable, Mfficien.t. HALL STEAM PUMP Co., 91 LIBERTY ST., NEW YORK. 
The only Reamer goat rr iii kerp ilea size. and atm ays make a straight hole. As easily sharpened as a Lathe Tool. Syracuse Twist Drill Co., TITIF: CANNON C !TUC I( TIVGIIFLI WEIE SYRACUSE, N. Y. 

 WAT A. SPECIALTY. IVICI_A_11-19(.. Lill POND ENGINEERING CO. Cor'sp'd'ce  
 CHIME OF 
and Supplies sent free to any address on receipt of ten cents in stamps (for postage). Chas. A. Strelenger & Co ,Wood Ave., Detroit, Mich. 
Mrs,  Inauguration of the New Series. 1886. Thirteenth. 1886. 
CINCINNATI  INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION, 
Opens Sept. 1st. Closes Oct. 9th. 'nu! n►ard o1 Coillmissioners proposc to in:ilce 1/s //u 71 Nymlem, 'Else le.•prementative Exhitotimi DA III-.1.,,try am' .1 r1. Manufacturos Art Inventions Products. 
 
No. 0. GRINDING MACHINE, FOR LIGHT WORK, TOOL GRIND-
ING, ETC. TAKES EMERY WHEEL TO 12 IN. IN DIAM-ETER. 3%" ARBOR, 

AND PEDESTAL ON WHICH TO MOUNT ANY OF OUR SMALLER GRINDING MA-CHINES IN ABSENCE OF BENCH ORDI-NARILY USED. 
0 m 0 0 3 r• 
St:BASTIAN, MAY  Improvod Screw Cutting 
root or Power Lathes 
****************************************************************************************

1' anlotnntIcally Inimpdhitoly iinor , l'crd frov. iy cause. 
if-Send for Catalogue. Reliable and Cheap. 
Sole Manufacturers in the United States and Canada, 
NATHAN MANUFACTURING CO. Nos. 92 and 94 Liberty Street, New York.  
94 and 26 Wes,;. Street, Cleveland, 0. 191 Chambers Street, New York. 85 Queen Victoria St., London, Eng. 
lEt Co 400 'Jr S Force Blast Rotary Blower FOR FOUNDRIES, SMITH SHOPS, PNEUMATIC TUBES, VENTILATION, ETC. 
SLOW SPEED, POSITIVEBLAST, PERFECTLY BALANCED, Best Mechanical Construction. P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Manufacturers, CON N EILS V I 1.1,E, S. S. TONE% Gen, AO, 22 Cortlaildt St, COOKE & CO., Selling Aglis, YEW YORE, 
In Writing, Please Mention Th is Paper. 
INVENTono and MANUFACTUIZERS, Writo for largo pam-phIPI conlaininw I'. S. PATENTsOFFICE nULEO of Practice. F.B.Brock. solicitor of .washingtim, P.(1 
INDICATOR PRACTICE Oteaffi Engige Economg 
By F. F. HEMENWAY. CONTAINS plain directions for using the indica-tor, and making all required calculations from the diagram ; also the principles of economy in operating steam engines. and current practice in testing engines and boilers. Table of Contents mailed on application. PRICE $2.00, Post Paid. FOR SALE BY JOAN WILILY & SONS, I i Astor Place. New York. 
SPEED INDICATORS. 
These little Pocket indi-cators are ac-curate and re-liable and should be found in every mill and manufactory, and every machinist and millwright should have one. Sent post paid, on receipt of price, $1.00. R. WOODMAN, 169 High St., Boston. 

6i7.e. Pat. 18 Sept. 1. 76. 

Grinding Fiachine No. 3. Price, $17.50. two Wheels 9 inches Diameter. wi, 
"IDIALIVICONI) EMERY WHEEL 
9 Grinding, Polishing and Buffing ACIIINEI Y, Using Wheels in size from 6 to 42" diameter. Largest variety manufactured under one Company. 
Send for Illustrated Catalogue. 
Diamond Emery Wheel & Machine Co., 22 WARREN ST., NEW YORK. J. A. MAcKINNON, MANAGER. 
teteetting ir". WHY THIS IS PUT HERE! 
, 198) ., i , ,- irested,,; ,y steam a raisin:; iismi n4, prover, water orwish tot oo other ' --i. I i C For the reason that it you are NEw onsomETER ze 1,,osit  „.1.Vattention to the " ti ,A,HE CHEAPEST AND BEST W.' M PUltr,r IN 111 , '''',ES LOWER THAN ANY OTHER, Ili,  More Efficient, Simple, Durable, and more Econc ,l, both as to running expenses and repairs, than arty..othq t. "-mp. Call or write for our new so pig, Illustrated Des', 1ptive.yook COutaim. ... attietilars,Redueed Net Prices, and hundreds of A-1 Testimonials. Mailed Free. ....  '''s 
• ■••••■• 
CINCINNATI  
INDUSTRIAL 
EXPOSITION, 
Opens Sept. 1st. Closes Oct. 9117. The Board of Coi;unissioners propose to make this display, the .first of the 11510 system., The Representative Exhibition of In-rr dustry at - Art. Manufactu s—Art—Inventions--Products. 
Open to the World. 
fifety- The honorable record attained by these Expositions since iS7o, under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce, Board of Trade and Ohio Mechanic's' Institute, will be fully maintained. NO COMPETITIVE AWARDS. XII Articles Nvill be Entered for Exhibition Only. For full particulars, address L. H. McCAM MON, Secretary. 
Joshua Roses Great Treatise on:team:limos 
IN PRESS FOR EARLY PUBLICATION. MODERN STEAM ENGINES.-An elementary treatise upon the Steam Engine, written in plain language, for use in the workshop as well as in the drawing office •, giving full explanations of the construction of modern Steam Engines, including diagrams showing their actual operation ; together with complete but simple explanations of the operations of various kinds of valves, valve motions, link motions, etc., thereby enabling the ordinary en-gineer to clearly understand the principles involved in their construction and use, and to plot, out their movements upon the drawing board. By Joshua Rose, M.E., author of " The Complete Practical Machinist." Illustrated by over 400 enixravings. In one volume, quarto, 320 pages. Price $6.00, free of postage to any address in the world. Subscriptions will now be received, payable on publication. W‘' A Prospectus showing' the contents of this maq-mfleent book now ready, and will be sent to any one who will furnish, his address to HENRY CAREY BAIRD Si Co, Industrial Publishers, Booksellers and Importers, 810 Walnut Street, PHILADELPHIA. PA.. T. S. A.  The BERRA-MAN i'atent 

• • . 
PULSOMETER STEAM PUMk" ,,`C. -13 JOHN Ftiv-REFT, N4 v; 
FEED WATER eater & Purifier, 
MANUFACTURED BI 
I. B. Davis & Son, Hartford, Con. This heater has been in constant use over ten years. Nono have ever re quired repairs. Gives the highest ro-sults attainable by the USE of exhaust steam, 
BENJ. P. KFT.LEY, Agent, 
of prEW YORK. 

r..11 1%,►1tIC, 111t1N1)- IN11, E'•r. TA K ES I;11 ICRY WHEEL TO 12 IN. IN DIAM-ETER. 3%" ARBOR, 

A N 1' 111, ()II II Mit A 1.1,1:11 (JUIN MA CHINES IN II!'1,NCI: IIENCII ORDI-NARILY USED. 
In 
z m O 
3 r• 
SEBASTIAN, MAY & COMPANY'S Improved Screw Cutting 
Foot or Power Laths 
Catalogue of Lathes, Drill Presses and Machinists' Tools and Supplies mailed on appli-cation. Lathes on Trial. 167 W. Second St., Cincinnati,() 
"THE ONLY PERFECT" BUFFALO Portable Forges, 
The Lightest, Strongest, Most Durable, Easiest Working, and in every way THE BEST Portable Forge Made, 
Buffalo Forge Co., 
BUFFALO, N. Y. 
Worthington Independent Condenser. 
Efficient, Safo and Inexpensive . HENRY R. WORTHINGTON, New York, Boston, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, San Irancisco. 

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pg-12;top

  MAY 8, 1886 12 MACHINIST   MAY 8, 1886  MERITS PROVEN BY 20 YEARS' CONSTANT USE. 
SAFE BOILERS. 
Address, Harrison Safety Boiler Works, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
ONEIDA STEAM ENGINE & FOUNDRY CO., ONEIDA, N. Y, 

MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF LATHE AND DRILL CHUCKS, Under Westcott's Patent. SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 
Little Giant Improved. 
CAPACITY. Inches. 1,.;o. 00 holds 0 to 1-4 ,  O to 1.2 I 66 0 to b8 2 0 to 1 2 1-2 " 0 to 1 
46 

MECIX1CAULZEWS I WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY 
BOILER CLEANER Takes out all mud. and scale-forming properties from the water of Steam Boilers, keeping it clean and free from all impur-ities. Send for circular. Manufactured by E.W. Van Duzen, Cincinnati, 0 

For Planing Mills, Fur-nzture,Chair and Cabinet Factories,Cabinet Works andGeneral Wood-Work-ing. Send Stamp for Il-lustrated Catalogue to ROLLSTONE MACHINE CO., 45 Water St., FITCHBURG, MASS • 
Patent Flexible Back Hack Saw for Machinists' Use. 

Selden 's Patent Packillgs 

Recommended by Leading Engineers for Steam and Hydraulic Use. 
Made either with or without Rubber Core. Randolph Brandt, 38 Cortlandt St N. Y. 
Made of best band Steel. The teeth only are hardened by an entirely new process, the back remaining soft and flexible. Warranted not to break. Send for sample and circular. En-dorsed by The Pratt & Whitney_ Co., John Henney, Jr., Supt.Motive Power, IN. Y., N. H. do H. R. R. and others. _HENRY G. THOMPSON & SONS, New Haven, Conn. 151 Leonard St., N. Y. 
Office of James Renshaw, Mechanical Engineer; Mill and Miling Machinery and En giheers' Supplies. Butte, Montana, Randolph Brant, February 22, 1884. In answer to your Inquiry in reference to the Selden Packing, I can say that, having used a great deal of it in almost every situation. and for J., long time, and since sold a great deal to other users, I can testify to i is merits. Where one packingis to be used for packing against both steam and water, I know of none equal to it. That with rubber core I have found excellent for high temperatures. While there are several really good packings in the market, yours need "take no buck seat," with any. Yours truly, JAMES RENSHAW. 
VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Friction Pulleys, Clutches and Elevators, PROVIDENCE. R. I. 
Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery. Complete outfits for Actual Workshop Business. Read what a customer says  
• 
FOX, TU111".a & SPEED LATHES  AND 13R.A..SS TINIOLIEB13' 

JENKINS BROS.' VALVES, GATE, GLOBE. ANCL CH ECK AND SAFETY. MANUFACTURED OF BEST STEAM METAL. The Jenkins Discs used in these valves are manufactured under our 1880 patent and will stand 200 lbs. steam pressure. WE WARRANT ALL VALVES STAMPED  "JENKINS BROS." 
JENKINS BROS. 
71 jJlioi Street, NarstYoonrk, S END FOR. 
The Iiiifoliralielhuck CI-ItiT"jacbK.s 

for BrassFinishers' Use, Milling Machines, ScrewMachines,Up. right Drills, Cut. ting-Off Machines, Drill Lathes, and forBoringMills for Car Wheel and other work. 
THE E. HORTON & SON CO. 
Canal St., Windsor Locks. Conn., U.S.A. 
American Twist Drill Company's PATENT CHUCK JAWS. 

8Azes. Price per set of 4 Jaws, $40, 4048, $56. Bolted to lathe face plates, they make best and cheapest chuck in the world. Address orders 
IIILL, CLARKE A CO., Boston and St. Louis, MANNINO, MAXWELL A 810011E, N. T. City, TALLMAN MeFADDEN, PhiladPiphia, Pa., or WM. BING HAM A CO., Cleveland, Ohio. 
POP. Crosby Pop Safety-Valves 
• • ADAPTED TO MARINE, LOCOMOTIVE, STATTONARY, PORTABLE & FARM ENGINE BOILERS. 
CROSBY IMPROVED STEAM GAGES,  
And all Gages used in the various Arts. 
SINGLE BELL CHIME rISTLE.  
Its sound is pleasant and far-reaching. For Railroads, Mills and Factories. Also for Fire-Alarm Signals. Victory Lubricators, Amsler's Planimeters, Test Gages and Pumps, Scotch Gage Glass Water Gages. and all Steam Engine and Boiler appliances. We claim superiority of workmanship and pea - feet adaptation in l our products. 
Crosby St m Gage and Yalve Co. 
95 97 01,1 V Eit STUEET, BOSTON. CRANK PLANERS Superior Design & Workmanship, ktra Rimy MOO lbs.) DOWN, ANGULAR AND 0110138-FRED, TO PLANE 12x16x15. THE R.A. BELDEN CO.,DANBUIY, CT. 
WHITNEY'S NEW RATCHET. 
Has greater range than any two ratchets made, and at the trice of one. Send for circulars. VARIETY MACHINE CO., Warsaw, N. V. 
The Almond Coupling. 
A new quarter turn motion to replace quarter turn belts and bevel gears. T. R. ALMOND, Mfr., 83 1 81 Washington Street, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
NEW SQUARE THREAD TOOL 
t WITH SAME HOLDER.casEe 
HARTFORD TOOL CO., HARTFORD, CONN, 

SHAPING MIIIIES 
For Hand and Power, 6/' 8" and 10" Stroke Adapted to All Classes of Work to Their Capacity, CIRCULARS FURNISHED. BOYNTON & PLUMMER Worcester, Mass. 
SMOOTH INSIDE & OUT. 
JOHN SICK 4 Fletcher St N.Y. 
***************************************************************************************

 Recommended by Loading Engineers for Steam and Hydraulic Use. Made either with or without Rubber Core. Randolph Brandt, 38 Cortlandt St "Y 
D14,4,11111111, 1,1111 1  11,111115 11,114 y 11 1111 1'.11 K111 err htipplh W. 111111,, Moniaanl Randolph Brant, February sal, . I, 14. In answer to your Inquiry i yference to the Holden Parking, I can say that, having used rat deal of it la ahoust situation. and for ii long tit 8101 sine. sold 16 weld 414411 to other users, I can testily to its mt.. Where one pnek I lig IN to be used for packing 8011118t both steam and water, I know of .none equal t( That with rubber core I have found excellent for high tem Ttures. While there are several really good packings in t :market, yours need "take no back seat," with any. Yours truly, JAMES RENSHAW. 
VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Friction Pulleys, Clutches and Elevators, PROVIDENCE. R. I. 

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery. Complete outfits for Actual Workshop Business. Read what a customer says': "Considering its capacity and the ac-curateness of your No. 4 Lathe, I do not see how it can be produced at such , low cost. The velocipede foot-power ' is simply elegant. I can tarn steadily for a whole day and at night feel as little tired as if I had been walking around." Descriptive Catalogue and Price List Free.W .F.8c JOHN BARNES Co. Address 1995 Main St.,Rockford, 
 AlliMENL  
Hartford Drill puck 
contains the maximum of power, durability and effi-ciency, and is fully guaran-teed. No. 1 holds from 0 to W, price $7. No. 2 (round body) holds from 0 to %", price $8. Sold by the trade Address, CUSHMAN CHUCK CO., 
HARTFORD, CONN. Manufacturer of all kinds cf Chucks Send for new Illus'd Catalogue. 
FOX, TURRET & SPEED LATHES 

,-.111111[1111111I1111111111111011111M11111iL"MillilM1116;11iiiiii  
AND BRASS FINISHERS' fro S, CAGE MACHINE WORKS, WATERFORD, NEW YORK. 
A UNIVERSAL WRENCH. 

BAUER'S PAT. 
SELF-ADJUSTING, SELF-GRIPPING, SELF-ACTING WRENCH, and TONCS. 
/ . 111 111111111111" Mr 141)4i1.11 

Grips from Largest to Smallest size. Get List from PAINE, DIEHL &.CO., 12 BANE ST., PIMA, PA. 
91111111111111.111111.■ 
Experimental and. New Machinery for Special Purposes 
MB-C.7=-IT 7..7"N=R CONTRACT From Specifications aria Inventors' Designs. AMPLE SHOP AND SHIPPING FACILITIES. • COHOES IRON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO., 11_ CORRESPONDENCE' SOLICI1E'_D. COHOES, Y.  MII.M=1=1■11111111I■ 
TO0 
IL PLANES 27 in. long ; 12 in. wide ; 8 in. high. I Machinists, Engineers, Model Makers and all classes of Mechanics can find TOOLS to suit them at Reduced Prices. 
IMPROVED POWER, OR Lig PLANER, 
A. J. WILKINSON & CO. 184 to 186 Washington Street, 
BOSTON, MASS. CATALOGUES FREE. 

DA PATEN i'NUTTHREADING*POINTING NIANUFACTUI.2 D SOLELY B r ICE CHIN 

,t lid an Gssgers nosed tit tho via 11 Dun A rtrs. 
SINGLE BELL CHIME WHISTLE. 
Its sound is plev sit and far-reaching. For illailro( „es, III ills and Factories. Also for Fire-Alarm Signals. Victory Lubricators. Amsier's Planimeters, Test Gages and Pumps, Scotch Gage Glass,Water Gages. and all Steam Engine and Boiler appliances. We claim superiority of workmanship and pet-feet adaptation in all our products. 
Crosby Steam Gage and Yalye Co. 
95 & 97 OLIVER STREET, BOSTON. 

Their Capacity, Itg ILNI5IIIC1). 
BOYNTON & PLUMMER AVOr•exter, :1111141,44, 
SMOOTH INSIDE & OUT. 
JOHN &LEK 4 Fletcher St N.Y. 
DIXON'S .PUBE, FOLIATED, DRY 

DIXON'S D, AmericanGraPhae ruidircT LUOIC---APJE 05,01)(011CRUCIDINI.01 
AlfIERICAN 
GRA.PIIITE 
PERFECT LUBRICATOR. 
Its enduring qualities are several times greater than fhose of any oil. Unlike eitht,r oil or grease, it is not affected by heat, cold, steam, acids, etc., and acts equally well under the most varying conditions of temperature and moisture. Its natural impurities contain substances fatal lo anti-friction purposes, namely, quartz or grit. Its proper selection. sizing and perfecting for lubricating pur-poses is a matter requiring large skill, much machinery and great experience. We have made this a special study, and, by methods of sizing and dressing, pecu-liar to ourselves, have produced a graphite unequaled for purity, for correct size of flake and unrivaled for lubricating qualities. Manufactured and Warranted Only by the JOS. DIXON CRUCIBLE CO., JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
- PrErFC-H ARTIPS STANDARD PUNCHES. 
INE1110, 
Rubber Goods Especially to Order. 
Fine and accurate work for Mechanical purposes Sewing Machine and Electric Light articles, Bicycle Tires, Bottle Stop-pers, Seamless Tubing. Pure Moulded Boiler Gaskets and Steam Pipe Rings that never melt or blow out, Extra Quality Sheet Packings, Pump Valves, Pure Anti-thill Rattlers, etc. Esti-mates for cost of new articles, including moulds, when desired. THE HARTFORD RUBBER WORKS, HARTFORD, CONN. 

FOSSIL .4. MEAL 
muninommooml  
SPATENT OLICITORS 
KNO LtS 93 Liberty Street, _Lieu, York, 44 Washington Stree, Boston. 
BESTVTOOLS 
ON EARTH FOR 
PUNCIIINGsIVEN,, 

UNIVERSAL RADIAL/v.0 RADIAL DRILLING MACHINES 
THREE DESIGNS. SIX SIZES. EMBODY ALL DESIRABLE FEATURES PRICES$450.19&UPWARD nnp ssUNIVERSAL RADIAL DRILL CO 1.CI 1, b. • • • 
PIPE AND BOILER COVERING. 
Light as Hair Felt. Absolutely Fireproof. Easily applied. Can be used over and over again. Thickness of %" to %"; equal to other coverings at 2" to 2.A1,, Beware of Imitations. Sold in Bags of 110 lbs. each. Acknowledged by leading audio, :les to be the best non-conducting material in the r FOSSIL MEAL CO., 48 Cedar St., New York. Send for Circular Mention I Paper. 
ELLSWORTH & YANTIS, 816F St., Washington, D.C. Send for Circular. 
FRIO 1 

ULU,I. C.D 
ATM, 
CLUI% 
E. B.STOCK1NG, ATTY., 
Opp. Pat. Of., Washington, D.C. Send slt. for fr,,e, report..., to nd nc 

ti, few ett S. HUNT'S r. JA , North Adams, Mc,. 

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery. Complete outfits for Actual Workshop Business. Read what a customer says': "Considering its capacity and the ac-curateness of your No. 4 Lathe, I do not see how it can be produced at such , low cost. The velocipede foot-power ' is simply elegant. I can tarn steadily for a whole day and at night feel as little tired as if I had been walking around." Descriptive Catalogue and Price List Free.W .F.8c JOHN BARNES Co. Address 1995 Main St.,Rockford, 
 AlliMENL  
Hartford Drill puck 
contains the maximum of power, durability and effi-ciency, and is fully guaran-teed. No. 1 holds from 0 to W, price $7. No. 2 (round body) holds from 0 to %", price $8. Sold by the trade Address, CUSHMAN CHUCK CO., 
HARTFORD, CONN. Manufacturer of all kinds cf Chucks Send for new Illus'd Catalogue. 
FOX, TURRET & SPEED LATHES 

,-.111111[1111111I1111111111111011111M11111iL"MillilM1116;11iiiiii  
AND BRASS FINISHERS' fro S, CAGE MACHINE WORKS, WATERFORD, NEW YORK. 
A UNIVERSAL WRENCH. 

BAUER'S PAT. 
SELF-ADJUSTING, SELF-GRIPPING, SELF-ACTING WRENCH, and TONCS. 
/ . 111 111111111111" Mr 141)4i1.11 

Grips from Largest to Smallest size. Get List from PAINE, DIEHL &.CO., 12 BANE ST., PIMA, PA. 
91111111111111.111111.■ 
Experimental and. New Machinery for Special Purposes 
MB-C.7=-IT 7..7"N=R CONTRACT From Specifications aria Inventors' Designs. AMPLE SHOP AND SHIPPING FACILITIES. • COHOES IRON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO., 11_ CORRESPONDENCE' SOLICI1E'_D. COHOES, Y.  MII.M=1=1■11111111I■ 
TO0 
IL PLANES 27 in. long ; 12 in. wide ; 8 in. high. I Machinists, Engineers, Model Makers and all classes of Mechanics can find TOOLS to suit them at Reduced Prices. 
IMPROVED POWER, OR Lig PLANER, 
A. J. WILKINSON & CO. 184 to 186 Washington Street, 
BOSTON, MASS. CATALOGUES FREE. 

DA PATEN i'NUTTHREADING*POINTING NIANUFACTUI.2 D SOLELY B r ICE CHIN 

,t lid an Gssgers nosed tit tho via 11 Dun A rtrs. 
SINGLE BELL CHIME WHISTLE. 
Its sound is plev sit and far-reaching. For illailro( „es, III ills and Factories. Also for Fire-Alarm Signals. Victory Lubricators. Amsier's Planimeters, Test Gages and Pumps, Scotch Gage Glass,Water Gages. and all Steam Engine and Boiler appliances. We claim superiority of workmanship and pet-feet adaptation in all our products. 
Crosby Steam Gage and Yalye Co. 
95 & 97 OLIVER STREET, BOSTON. 

Their Capacity, Itg ILNI5IIIC1). 
BOYNTON & PLUMMER AVOr•exter, :1111141,44, 
SMOOTH INSIDE & OUT. 
JOHN &LEK 4 Fletcher St N.Y. 
DIXON'S .PUBE, FOLIATED, DRY 

DIXON'S D, AmericanGraPhae ruidircT LUOIC---APJE 05,01)(011CRUCIDINI.01 
AlfIERICAN 
GRA.PIIITE 
PERFECT LUBRICATOR. 
Its enduring qualities are several times greater than fhose of any oil. Unlike eitht,r oil or grease, it is not affected by heat, cold, steam, acids, etc., and acts equally well under the most varying conditions of temperature and moisture. Its natural impurities contain substances fatal lo anti-friction purposes, namely, quartz or grit. Its proper selection. sizing and perfecting for lubricating pur-poses is a matter requiring large skill, much machinery and great experience. We have made this a special study, and, by methods of sizing and dressing, pecu-liar to ourselves, have produced a graphite unequaled for purity, for correct size of flake and unrivaled for lubricating qualities. Manufactured and Warranted Only by the JOS. DIXON CRUCIBLE CO., JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
- PrErFC-H ARTIPS STANDARD PUNCHES. 
INE1110, 
Rubber Goods Especially to Order. 
Fine and accurate work for Mechanical purposes Sewing Machine and Electric Light articles, Bicycle Tires, Bottle Stop-pers, Seamless Tubing. Pure Moulded Boiler Gaskets and Steam Pipe Rings that never melt or blow out, Extra Quality Sheet Packings, Pump Valves, Pure Anti-thill Rattlers, etc. Esti-mates for cost of new articles, including moulds, when desired. THE HARTFORD RUBBER WORKS, HARTFORD, CONN. 

FOSSIL .4. MEAL 
muninommooml  
SPATENT OLICITORS 
KNO LtS 93 Liberty Street, _Lieu, York, 44 Washington Stree, Boston. 
BESTVTOOLS 
ON EARTH FOR 
PUNCIIINGsIVEN,, 

UNIVERSAL RADIAL/v.0 RADIAL DRILLING MACHINES 
THREE DESIGNS. SIX SIZES. EMBODY ALL DESIRABLE FEATURES PRICES$450.19&UPWARD nnp ssUNIVERSAL RADIAL DRILL CO 1.CI 1, b. • • • 
PIPE AND BOILER COVERING. 
Light as Hair Felt. Absolutely Fireproof. Easily applied. Can be used over and over again. Thickness of %" to %"; equal to other coverings at 2" to 2.A1,, Beware of Imitations. Sold in Bags of 110 lbs. each. Acknowledged by leading audio, :les to be the best non-conducting material in the r FOSSIL MEAL CO., 48 Cedar St., New York. Send for Circular Mention I Paper. 
ELLSWORTH & YANTIS, 816F St., Washington, D.C. Send for Circular. 
FRIO 1 

ULU,I. C.D 
ATM, 
CLUI% 
E. B.STOCK1NG, ATTY., 
Opp. Pat. Of., Washington, D.C. Send slt. for fr,,e, report..., to nd nc 

ti, few ett S. HUNT'S r. JA , North Adams, Mc,. 

, Moniaanl Randolph Brant, February sal, . I, 14. In answer to your Inquiry i yference to the Holden Parking, I can say that, having used rat deal of it la ahoust situation. and for ii long tit 8101 sine. sold 16 weld 414411 to other users, I can testily to its mt.. Where one pnek I lig IN to be used for packing 8011118t both steam and water, I know of .none equal t( That with rubber core I have found excellent for high tem Ttures. While there are several really good packings in t :market, yours need "take no back seat," with any. Yours truly, JAMES RENSHAW. 
VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Friction Pulleys, Clutches and Elevators, PROVIDENCE. R. I. 

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery. Complete outfits for Actual Workshop Business. Read what a customer says': "Considering its capacity and the ac-curateness of your No. 4 Lathe, I do not see how it can be produced at such , low cost. The velocipede foot-power ' is simply elegant. I can tarn steadily for a whole day and at night feel as little tired as if I had been walking around." Descriptive Catalogue and Price List Free.W .F.8c JOHN BARNES Co. Address 1995 Main St.,Rockford, 
 AlliMENL  
Hartford Drill puck 
contains the maximum of power, durability and effi-ciency, and is fully guaran-teed. No. 1 holds from 0 to W, price $7. No. 2 (round body) holds from 0 to %", price $8. Sold by the trade Address, CUSHMAN CHUCK CO., 
HARTFORD, CONN. Manufacturer of all kinds cf Chucks Send for new Illus'd Catalogue. 
FOX, TURRET & SPEED LATHES 

,-.111111[1111111I1111111111111011111M11111iL"MillilM1116;11iiiiii  
AND BRASS FINISHERS' fro S, CAGE MACHINE WORKS, WATERFORD, NEW YORK. 
A UNIVERSAL WRENCH. 

BAUER'S PAT. 
SELF-ADJUSTING, SELF-GRIPPING, SELF-ACTING WRENCH, and TONCS. 
/ . 111 111111111111" Mr 141)4i1.11 

Grips from Largest to Smallest size. Get List from PAINE, DIEHL &.CO., 12 BANE ST., PIMA, PA. 
91111111111111.111111.■ 
Experimental and. New Machinery for Special Purposes 
MB-C.7=-IT 7..7"N=R CONTRACT From Specifications aria Inventors' Designs. AMPLE SHOP AND SHIPPING FACILITIES. • COHOES IRON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO., 11_ CORRESPONDENCE' SOLICI1E'_D. COHOES, Y.  MII.M=1=1■11111111I■ 
TO0 
IL PLANES 27 in. long ; 12 in. wide ; 8 in. high. I Machinists, Engineers, Model Makers and all classes of Mechanics can find TOOLS to suit them at Reduced Prices. 
IMPROVED POWER, OR Lig PLANER, 
A. J. WILKINSON & CO. 184 to 186 Washington Street, 
BOSTON, MASS. CATALOGUES FREE. 

DA PATEN i'NUTTHREADING*POINTING NIANUFACTUI.2 D SOLELY B r ICE CHIN 

,t lid an Gssgers nosed tit tho via 11 Dun A rtrs. 
SINGLE BELL CHIME WHISTLE. 
Its sound is plev sit and far-reaching. For illailro( „es, III ills and Factories. Also for Fire-Alarm Signals. Victory Lubricators. Amsier's Planimeters, Test Gages and Pumps, Scotch Gage Glass,Water Gages. and all Steam Engine and Boiler appliances. We claim superiority of workmanship and pet-feet adaptation in all our products. 
Crosby Steam Gage and Yalye Co. 
95 & 97 OLIVER STREET, BOSTON. 

Their Capacity, Itg ILNI5IIIC1). 
BOYNTON & PLUMMER AVOr•exter, :1111141,44, 
SMOOTH INSIDE & OUT. 
JOHN &LEK 4 Fletcher St N.Y. 
DIXON'S .PUBE, FOLIATED, DRY 

DIXON'S D, AmericanGraPhae ruidircT LUOIC---APJE 05,01)(011CRUCIDINI.01 
AlfIERICAN 
GRA.PIIITE 
PERFECT LUBRICATOR. 
Its enduring qualities are several times greater than fhose of any oil. Unlike eitht,r oil or grease, it is not affected by heat, cold, steam, acids, etc., and acts equally well under the most varying conditions of temperature and moisture. Its natural impurities contain substances fatal lo anti-friction purposes, namely, quartz or grit. Its proper selection. sizing and perfecting for lubricating pur-poses is a matter requiring large skill, much machinery and great experience. We have made this a special study, and, by methods of sizing and dressing, pecu-liar to ourselves, have produced a graphite unequaled for purity, for correct size of flake and unrivaled for lubricating qualities. Manufactured and Warranted Only by the JOS. DIXON CRUCIBLE CO., JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
- PrErFC-H ARTIPS STANDARD PUNCHES. 
INE1110, 
Rubber Goods Especially to Order. 
Fine and accurate work for Mechanical purposes Sewing Machine and Electric Light articles, Bicycle Tires, Bottle Stop-pers, Seamless Tubing. Pure Moulded Boiler Gaskets and Steam Pipe Rings that never melt or blow out, Extra Quality Sheet Packings, Pump Valves, Pure Anti-thill Rattlers, etc. Esti-mates for cost of new articles, including moulds, when desired. THE HARTFORD RUBBER WORKS, HARTFORD, CONN. 

FOSSIL .4. MEAL 
muninommooml  
SPATENT OLICITORS 
KNO LtS 93 Liberty Street, _Lieu, York, 44 Washington Stree, Boston. 
BESTVTOOLS 
ON EARTH FOR 
PUNCIIINGsIVEN,, 

UNIVERSAL RADIAL/v.0 RADIAL DRILLING MACHINES 
THREE DESIGNS. SIX SIZES. EMBODY ALL DESIRABLE FEATURES PRICES$450.19&UPWARD nnp ssUNIVERSAL RADIAL DRILL CO 1.CI 1, b. • • • 
PIPE AND BOILER COVERING. 
Light as Hair Felt. Absolutely Fireproof. Easily applied. Can be used over and over again. Thickness of %" to %"; equal to other coverings at 2" to 2.A1,, Beware of Imitations. Sold in Bags of 110 lbs. each. Acknowledged by leading audio, :les to be the best non-conducting material in the r FOSSIL MEAL CO., 48 Cedar St., New York. Send for Circular Mention I Paper. 
ELLSWORTH & YANTIS, 816F St., Washington, D.C. Send for Circular. 
FRIO 1 

ULU,I. C.D 
ATM, 
CLUI% 
E. B.STOCK1NG, ATTY., 
Opp. Pat. Of., Washington, D.C. Send slt. for fr,,e, report..., to nd nc 

ti, few ett S. HUNT'S r. JA , North Adams, Mc,. 

-------------------pg13------------13
  "
  "
pg-13;top

 pg-13-top  MAY 8, 1886  AMERICAN MACHINIST 

MAY 8, 1E86] _A_MERIC.A_I\T MACHINIST the bored hole for shaft to a true vertical position, then draw a circle of the same diameter as wheel to be measured; on this lay off a certain part of the whole, making it as large as possible, and have the end of bucket cover it. Now measure vertically from the points that mark the ends of the space laid off on the circle. The difference in the height of the edge of bucket at these two points will be to the pitch as the space is to the whole circle. If the space is 3, of the circumference and the difference in the two measurements is one foot, the pitch is 12'. This is only for a straight pitch. Auxiliary Steam Power in Sailing Vessels. In our June 3, 1882 issue, we noted some observations regarding this subject, in the light of hopeful experiments that were then being made. A number of sailing vessels were then being equipped with auxiliary steam power and the promoters of the experi-ments looked for results, that, without inter-ference with the usual business of steamships, would point the way to an important and profitable addition to the American merchant marine. These experiments, according to our information gathered in shipping circles, have not resulted favorably, at least so far as sup-plying sailing vessels with auxiliary steam-power in the strict sense of the phrase is concerned. For useful information on this subject, we are indebted to Mr. Henry H. Sinclair, of New York, Captain George W. Tucker, Mr. James TI. Winchester, and other gentlemen. Capt. tucker informs us that his firm • are part owners in a sailing vessel which three years ago was equipped with auxiliary steam-imwer furnished by a prominent firm of marine et 'gill° builders. The vessel was full bark-rig-god, having three masts, with yards on two of them . She registered when equipped with aux-i I iary steam, 750 tons, with carrying capacity of about 1,150 tons. Her steam-plant consisted ►1 single-acting condensing engine, K'x30" cylinder, of about 175 nominal horse-power, and two boilers. The shaft was 8" in diameter, and 21' long. The trade she en-gaged in was regular trips between the ports of Now York and Buenos Ayres, South America, with oecnsional extensions of the trig) from tlm WW1' Dort to gild from RoNario. discharging at New York, while the $50 sav-ing in towage at Buenos Ayres accrued to the charterers and not to the ship : SAVING BY USE OF AUXILIARY STEAM-POWER. Earning capacity of entire vessel, 1,150 tons, increased one-third by 30 days saved in running time, estimated worth $3,150 Saving in towage in and out of N. Y., average 60 Proportionate saving on use of steam, 2 trips to Rosario out of 5 voyages, average 5 days, estimated worth $525 Less only cost of coal 90 Making net Estimated saving in wages of one man at sea Saved on hoisting in port 4_another tesssst.
hereeeeeeeeeeeeerrrrrrreeeeeeeeeeeeee

---13--------------

-----------------14--------------------------------
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pg-14-top

 

 MAY 8, 1886 AMERICAN MACHINIST 

pg 14-- AMERICAN MACHINIST 
[IVIAy 8, 1886 
WILLIAM SELLERS 
Engineers and Machinists, Philadelphia, Pa. 
IMPROVED MACHINE TOOLS FOR WORKING IRON AND STEEL. 
Shafting, Pulleys, Hangers, etc., for transmitting power. Improved Self-Adjusting Injector of 1876, started, stopped and regulated as to capacity, by one lever. FIXED NOZZLE AUTOMATIC INJECTOR OF 1885, 
IIIINNMENI101,  
Either a Lifter or Non-Lifter ; no extra valves or fittings required; tubes can be removed without disturbing pipe connections ; is perfectly Automatic in its action; requires no especial manipulation to operate it. DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLETS AND PRICES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION TO PHILADELPHIA OFFICE, OR TO NEW YORK OFFICE, 79 Liberty St. 
3 laying greater facilities for 
NEAR CUTTING 
than we need at present, we are prepared to cut accurately and with dispatch, all sizes of Spur ani Bevel Gears, from the Smallest to 30 inches Diameter. 
5. ASHTON  HAND MFG. CO,. TO, ,Nog THE swER ENGINE CO. 
The Lowe Feed Water HEATER, 

  PORTABLE AND STATIONARY ENGINES and BOILERS Send for Catalogue and Prices. 
THE For Heating and Purify-ing Feed Water fees Boilers and other pur-poses, with h FAhlust Steam from High or Low Pressure Engines • 
T is the simplest, most I Efficient and Reliable, and at less cost. Con-structed on the best sys-tem, saving most fuel and boiler repairs. Write for Histories of Boilers and F,ed Wale Healers (.free on mention-ing this paper). to 101 c BRIDCEPORT 
BOILER WORKS, 
NEW YORK  CO.,    WILLIAM LOWE, Prop, ir.---Agents Wanted. 
Exclusive Agents for New York. RAILWAY, MILL, MACHINISTS', AND ENGINEERS', MINERS' SU F°13I_AIIE S. 

50 & 52 JOHN STR7ET, NEW YORK. 
1COFFINIILEJGHTON2 SYRACUSF,NN 3 F1[110111  
MACHINISTS' SCALES pftteat C;racluation. W 41 invite comparison for neourney with411 others. inumr., studs Guars:414ml. Send for tint. 
 CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEER 'Ludt Export In Patont Cam', 

Southwark Foundry & Machine Co. 'y 
ENGINEERS AND MACHINISTS. WASHINGTON AVE. AND FIFTH ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA. PORTER-ALLEN and SOUTHWARK ENGINES, BOILERS AND TANKS, BLOWING ENGINES, PUMPS, GAS APPARATUS, BESSEMER CONVERTERS, ETO., SUGAR MACHINERY, HYDRAULIC MACHINERY. ETC.. ETC. 

THE LONG 1‘ ALLSTATIVICa.,"Vo°11, 
Double, Single, Angle-Bar, Gang, Horizontal, Twin, Boiler, Spacing, Gate, Multiple, Belt and Steam-Driven 
ri,nches :hears, .4 Over 300 Sizes. ALSO Power Cushioned Hammer. 
 Send for new catalogue.   
BRANDON'S PISTON RING PACKING. By its use a piston is self-packed against pressure, this pressure being balanced so as to permit neither the forcing of the rings outwardly, causing wear of rings and cylinder, nor inwardly, allowing the fluid to o pass by them. For License or Illustrated Cir-cular, Address, JAMES BEANDON, 233 Tenth Ave. N.Y. 
J. A. FAY 86 CO CINCINNATI, OEIO, U.S.A. 
BUILDERS OP IMPROVED 
WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY 

Embraces nearly 400 Machines for PLANING & MATCHING Surfacing, Moulding, Tenoning, Mortising, Boring, and Shaping, etc. Variety and Universal WOOD WORKERS. Band, Scroll and Circular Saws, Resawing Machines, Spoke and Wheel Machinery, Shafting, Pul-leys, etc. All of the highest standard of excellence. ff. H. DOANE, Pres't. D. L. LYON, Seo'y. 
STEARNS MFG. COMPANY 
MFLIM, Engines from 15 to 400 Horse Power. 
Boilers of Steel and Iron supplied tone trade or the user. Send for Catalogues. 
SAW MILLS

W.COLBURN : Co. FITCHBURG, MASS.  INCANDESCENT  LIGHTING — AND  PLVING MACHINES 
NATIONAL WATER-TUBE BOILER COMPANY. Main Office, New Brunswick, N. J. Manuacturcrs of MOORE'S SYSTEM 

WATER-TUBE STEAM BOILERS, 
Unequid for SAFETY ECONOMY AND DURABILITY. 

******************************************************* 

Exclusive Agents for New York. RAILWAY, MILL, MACHINISTS', AND ENGINEERS', MINERS' Su I: I='IJI s 
50 & 52 JOHN STIV ET, NEW YORK. 
 3 MACHINISTS' SCALES; T'ate...rt End Graduation. We invite comparison for accuracy with all others. Every Scale Guaranteed, Send. for Li.. COFFIN & LEICHTON, SYRACUSE, N. Y. 
 CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEER and Expert lg Patent Causes, 28 STATE STREET, ROOM 28, BOSTON, MASS. 
DON'S NEW WATEI-CUBE STEAM BOILED H SAFE! ECONOMICAL! DURABLE II   For ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of NEW BOILER, Address ABENDROTH & ROOT MANUFG. Co. 
- 28 CLIFF STREET, NEW YaRK.- 
FLUOR SPAR  THE BEST 
A natural product taken irom our own mines. Unlike any of tl,e artificial compounds or manufactured products heretofore on the market. We guarantee its SUCCCLIJ if directions are followed, or ask no pay. Only 8 or 10 pounds to the ton of iron required to purify the iron, and will more tlrta pay for itself in keeping the cupola clean. The best flux for foundry work ; also used in redaction and refining of silver, copper and lead. Used by glass manufacturers in making opaque ware. Used by chemists in making hydro-fluoric acid for etching ornamented glass. (Jan be used in manufacturing steel by the basic process 
_FouNDRy FLUX. THE EVANSVILLEtLEBADuARNBDASNPKA.R8, lI cloINING CO. Successors  Sand for circular, prices and experience of users. EVANSVILLE, IND. 
HARRiSM'S ADJUSTABLE FLUE-HMI CUTTER. 
An etTe3tive labor-savinz tool for the boiler shop. Size No. 1 cuts all size holes from 2 to 5 inches inclusive. The cutters proper are forded from 5/ inch round steel, can be renewed at trifling cost ; are easily adjusted and firmly held. Manufactured by 
REMINGTON & CO., WILMINGTON DEL. 

THE FISHKILL CORLISS ENGINE,     Specially adapted for and extensively used in large grain elevators. 13COIMLIETtS. Manufactured by the Fishkill handing Machin Co. FISIIKILL-ON-THE-HUDSON, N.Y. ;,– li, t,„, i ' containitii' Illus.. ......2 ..,,, __ Bowl, and Clroular tiOtwm, 1(esawIng 111nehluo.s, Wherl Machlurry, Hiifin log, 1'h% All ••r Ili„ highest _ - standard of excellonrm. AT. H. DOANE, Pres't. D. L. LYON, See'y. 
I.W.COLBURN Co.1 I FITCHBURG, MASS.( 100 MAIN V. AtiVprx INUAN WE. Sr DESCENT 10 LIVI NO PRICES! AND LIG anti NG PING MACHINES. 
NATIONAL WATER-TUBE BOILER COMPANY. Main Office, New Brunswick, N. J. Manui:acturers of MOORE'S SYSTEM WATER-TUBE STEAM BOILERS, Unequalled for SAFETY, ECONOMY AND DURABILITY. Branch Offices: New York City, 64 Cortlandt St. Philadelphia, Pa., 49 N. 7th St. Boston, Mass., - 50 Oliver St.   
L7ncle's Pat, Ii -r Safoty Valves, tclapted to all Boilers. 3. E. Lonergan & Co., Sole Owners and Manurrs PHILA., PA. 
WHITE'S FLEXIBLE METALLIC FILLET For use of Pattern Slickers. Sizes 14 to 1 in. 

HOWARD WHITE, 4 N. 4th ST., PHILA. PA. Send for Circular & Samples. 
ROLLER TUBE EXPANDERS, FORGED STEEL, SHEET METAL PUNCHES, SCREW PUNCHES, A. L. RENDERER, Wilmington,Del. 
Iron Planers e Shapers. 
SUPERIOR DESIGN AND WORKMANSHIP. 
MIME MACRE TOOL WORM, Lim. 
ROCHESTER. N. Y. 
THE GARDNER GOVERNOR 

Over 10,000 in Use. 
ADAPTED TO EVERY STYLE OF STATIONARY AND PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE. 
Warranted to give satisfac• tion or no sale. 
FOR CIRCULARS ANA --17i.,4" ADDlESS, 
The Gai4ffer Goverlloi. Co. QUINCY ,L. 
OF St7 
Foe 
3A// 1016//41/ 
MORSE ELEVATOR WORKS 
MORSE, WILLIAMS ES., CO., successors to CLEM k monsE, Builder: of all Kinds of PASSENGER AND FREIGHT 
inators, 

Automatio Hatch Doors Send for Illustrated Circular. Office, 411 CHERRY sT. Works, Frankford Av.,Wildey trANk and Shackamaxon Sts., I PHILADELPHIA.. N.Y. Office, 108 Liberty Street. 
A SPECIALTY. 
• • 
OSGOOD DREDGE CO., - ALBANY, N. Y. RALPH R. OSGOOD, Pres. JAMES H. BLESSING, Vice-Pres. JOHN K. HOWE, Secret:, -- and Treasurer, 111anufa, it/ in of D"nERRICKS„ .1.1 MACHINES, 1/ Etc.„ Eta. 
11REDGES, .1J Excavators, 
01, 

wners and Manurrs PHILA., PA. 
WHITE'S FLEXIBLE METALLIC FILLET For use of Pattern Slickers. Sizes 14 to 1 in. 

HOWARD WHITE, 4 N. 4th ST., PHILA. PA. Send for Circular & Samples. 
ROLLER TUBE EXPANDERS, FORGED STEEL, SHEET METAL PUNCHES, SCREW PUNCHES, A. L. RENDERER, Wilmington,Del. Iron Planers e Shapers. 
SUPERIOR DESIGN AND WORKMANSHIP. MIME MACRE TOOL WORM, Lim. ROCHESTER. N. Y. 
THE GARDNER GOVERNOR over 10,000 in Use. 
ADAPTED TO EVERY STYLE OF STATIONARY AND PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE. 
Warranted to give satisfaction or no sale. 
FOR CIRCULARS ANA --17i.,4" ADDlESS, 
The Gai4ffer Goverlloi. Co. QUINCY ,L. 
OF St7 
Foe 
3A// 1016//41/ 
MORSE ELEVATOR WORKS 
MORSE, WILLIAMS ES., CO., successors to CLEM k monsE, Builder: of all Kinds of PASSENGER AND FREIGHT 
inators, 

Automatio Hatch Doors Send for Illustrated Circular. Office, 411 CHERRY sT. Works, Frankford Av.,Wildey trANk and Shackamaxon Sts., I PHILADELPHIA.. N.Y. Office, 108 Liberty Street. 
A SPECIALTY. 
• • 
OSGOOD DREDGE CO., - ALBANY, N. Y. RALPH R. OSGOOD, Pres. JAMES H. BLESSING, Vice-Pres. JOHN K. HOWE, Secret:, -- and Treasurer, 111anufa, it/ in of D"nERRICKS„ .1.1 MACHINES, 1/ Etc.„ Eta. 
11REDGES, .1J Excavators, 
01, 

<
--15-------- 15
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MAY 8, 1886 AMERICAN MACHINIST

MAY 8, 1886---------AMERICAN MACHINIST the bored hole for shaft to a true vertical position, then draw a circle of the same diameter as wheel to be measured; on this lay off a certain part of the whole, making it as large as possible, and have the end of bucket cover it. Now measure vertically from the points that mark the ends of the space laid off on the circle. The difference in the height of the edge of bucket at these two points will be to the pitch as the space is to the whole circle. If the space is 3, of the circumference and the difference in the two measurements is one foot, the pitch is 12'. This is only for a straight pitch. Auxiliary Steam Power in Sailing Vessels. In our June 3, 1882 issue, we noted some observations regarding this subject, in the light of hopeful experiments that were then being made. A number of sailing vessels were then being equipped with auxiliary steam power and the promoters of the experi-ments looked for results, that, without inter-ference with the usual business of steamships, would point the way to an important and profitable addition to the American merchant marine. These experiments, according to our information gathered in shipping circles, have not resulted favorably, at least so far as sup-plying sailing vessels with auxiliary steam-power in the strict sense of the phrase is concerned. For useful information on this subject, we are indebted to Mr. Henry H. Sinclair, of New York, Captain George W. Tucker, Mr. James TI. Winchester, and other gentlemen. Capt. tucker informs us that his firm • are part owners in a sailing vessel which three years ago was equipped with auxiliary steam-imwer furnished by a prominent firm of marine et 'gill° builders. The vessel was full bark-rig-god, having three masts, with yards on two of them . She registered when equipped with aux-i I iary steam, 750 tons, with carrying capacity of about 1,150 tons. Her steam-plant consisted 1 single-acting condensing engine, K'x30" cylinder, of about 175 nominal horse-power, and two boilers. The shaft was 8" in diameter, and 21' long. The trade she en-gaged in was regular trips between the ports of Now York and Buenos Ayres, South America, with oecnsional extensions of the trig) from tlm WW1' Dort to gild from RoNario. discharging at New York, while the $50 sav-ing in towage at Buenos Ayres accrued to the charterers and not to the ship : SAVING BY USE OF AUXILIARY STEAM-POWER. Earning capacity of entire vessel, 1,150 tons, increased one-third by 30 days saved in running time, estimated worth $3,150 Saving in towage in and out of N. Y., average 60 Proportionate saving on use of steam, 2 trips to Rosario out of 5 voyages, average 5 days, estimated worth $525 Less only cost of coal 90 Making net Estimated saving in wages of one man at sea Saved on hoisting in port 4_another tesssst.
hereeeeeeeeeeeeerrrrrrreeeeeeeeeeeeee  pg-16

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AMERICAN MACHINIST 

MAY 8, 1886------AMERICAN MACHINIST the bored hole for shaft to a true vertical position, then draw a circle of the same diameter as wheel to be measured; on this lay off a certain part of the whole, making it as large as possible, and have the end of bucket cover it. Now measure vertically from the points that mark the ends of the space laid off on the circle. The difference in the height of the edge of bucket at these two points will be to the pitch as the space is to the whole circle. If the space is 3, of the circumference and the difference in the two measurements is one foot, the pitch is 12'. This is only for a straight pitch. Auxiliary Steam Power in Sailing Vessels. In our June 3, 1882 issue, we noted some observations regarding this subject, in the light of hopeful experiments that were then being made. A number of sailing vessels were then being equipped with auxiliary steam power and the promoters of the experi-ments looked for results, that, without inter-ference with the usual business of steamships, would point the way to an important and profitable addition to the American merchant marine. These experiments, according to our information gathered in shipping circles, have not resulted favorably, at least so far as sup-plying sailing vessels with auxiliary steam-power in the strict sense of the phrase is concerned. For useful information on this subject, we are indebted to Mr. Henry H. Sinclair, of New York, Captain George W. Tucker, Mr. James TI. Winchester, and other gentlemen. Capt. tucker informs us that his firm • are part owners in a sailing vessel which three years ago was equipped with auxiliary steam-imwer furnished by a prominent firm of marine et 'gill° builders. The vessel was full bark-rig-god, having three masts, with yards on two of them . She registered when equipped with aux-i I iary steam, 750 tons, with carrying capacity of about 1,150 tons. Her steam-plant consisted 1 single-acting condensing engine, K'x30" cylinder, of about 175 nominal horse-power, and two boilers. The shaft was 8" in diameter, and 21' long. The trade she en-gaged in was regular trips between the ports of Now York and Buenos Ayres, South America, with oecnsional extensions of the trig) from tlm WW1' Dort to gild from RoNario. discharging at New York, while the $50 sav-ing in towage at Buenos Ayres accrued to the charterers and not to the ship : SAVING BY USE OF AUXILIARY STEAM-POWER. Earning capacity of entire vessel, 1,150 tons, increased one-third by 30 days saved in running time, estimated worth $3,150 Saving in towage in and out of N. Y., average 60 Proportionate saving on use of steam, 2 trips to Rosario out of 5 voyages, average 5 days, estimated worth $525 Less only cost of coal 90 Making net Estimated saving in wages of one man at sea Saved on hoisting in port 4_another tesssst.
hereeeeeeeeeeeeerrrrrrreeeeeeeeeeeeee  pg-17

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pg-17-top you can see this this is a test tt-tt-tt-tt-tt- test

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AMERICAN MACHINIST MAY 8, 1886--.pg -17 
MORSE TWIST DRILL AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Manufacturers of Morse Patent Straight-Lip Increase Twist Drills. New Bedford, MASS. 
MACHINIST 

Solid and Shell Reamers, Beach's Patent Self-Centering Chuck, Bit Stock Drills. DRILL GRINDING MACHINES, MILLING CUTTERS AND SPECIAL TOOLS TO ORDER. 
MANUFACTURE 

HAND LATHES, FOOT LATHES AND MILLING MACHINES. Manning, Maxwell & Moore, Selling Agents, 111 Liberty St., New York. 515 Phenix Building, Chicago. 
OUR SPECIALTY 
CRANK and GEARED SHAPERS. 
J. STEPTOE & CO., Cincinnati, 0. Cleo. Place Machine Co., Agents, Yew York. 
NOTICE. 
REDUCTION IN PRICE OF 50, 60 AND 72 INCH 
Lathes, Planers, Drills, Blotters, Etc. 

NEW HAVEN MANUFAC'G CO., New Haven, Conn. 
2 BY 24 FLAT TURRET LATHE. 

SEND FOR CIRCULAR. D. SANDERS' SONS, 
Manufac -firers of Pipe Cutting & Threading Machines For Pipe, Mill and Steam Fitters' Use. TAPPING MACHINES 
For Steam Fitting, also v;00 Steam and Gas Fitters' Rand Tools. 21 Atherton St., Yonkers, N. Y. 

P BLAISDELL & CO., Manufacturers of Machinists' Tools WORCESTER, MASS. Send for CATALOGUE for '92. JONES & LAMSON MACHINE CO., Springfield, Vt., U. S. A. 
 

BOYNTON & PLUMMER, WORCESTER, MASS. Manufacturers of 
Shaping Machines, Drilling Machines, Bolt Cutting Machines. 
CHAS. CHURCHILL & CO., Lt'd, Agents. 21 Cross St., Finsbury, London, England. 
FOOT POWER LATHES 
BoRixo aND TuRNING MILL MULLER LATHES H. BICKFORD, — Lakeport, N. H. PLAIN MILLING MACHINES SOMETHING 
Write for New List, August 1st, 1892. 

PATENTED. With New and Valuable Features. MADE ONLY BY THE BRADFORD MILL CO., Sth and Evans, CINCINNATI, 0. London House: CHAS. CHURCHILL & CO., L't'd, 21 Cross St., Finsbury, London, E. C., Eng. 

GAGE MACHINE WORKS, 
For Electrical and Experimen-tal work. For Gunsmiths and 
Tool Makers. For general Ma-chine Shop Work. High grade tools ; elegant in design, superior in con-struction. The best foot power lathes made, and quality considered the cheapest. Send for catalogue and prices. 
W. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., 
1995 Ruby St., ROCKFORD, II L. ENGLISH AGENTS, CHAS. CHURCHILL & CO., LTD. 21 CROSS ST., FINSBURY, LONDON, E. C., ENG. 
BARKER'S IMPROVED CENTER GRINDING MACHINE. 
Price, $10. NO GAUGES. NO BELT. Every Machine Guaranteed. I MANUFACTURED BY WM. BARKER & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. SEND FOR. CIRCULAR. 
PLAIN and UNIVERSAL MACHINES MACHINES 
of approved de-sign and F oh grade wor', ship. KEMPSMITH MACHINE TOOL CO., Milwaukee, Wis. 
1COFEN &LOG HTON 2 SYRACUSE,N.Y a MACHINISTS' SCALES 
PATENT END GRADUATION. We Invite Comparison for Accuracy with all others. EVERY SCALE GUARANTEED. SEND FOR LIST. COFFIN & LEIGHTON, SYRACUSE, N. C.H BAUSH & SONS 
HOLYOKE, MASS. Manufacturers of POST, 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

PLAIN MILLING  MACHINES SOMETHING NEW.  The Cincinnati Milling Machine Co., CINCINNATI, OHIO. 

PATENTED-. With New and Valuable Features, MADE ONLY BY THE 

BRADFORD MILL CO., 8th and Evans, CINCINNATI, 0. London House: CHAS. CHURCHILL & CO., L't'd, 21 Cross St., Finsbury, London. E. C.. Eng. 
GAGE MACHINE WORKS, 

FOX & TURRET LATHES - A SPECIALTY. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 
MACHINE TOOLS, WATERFORD, N. Y. 
IRON PLANERS, 
Extra Heavy. Latest Design. All Modern Improvements. L. W. POND MACHINE CO., WORCESTER, MASS. 
1,11CN I'M, CHAS. CHURCHILL & CO., LTD. 21 CROSS ST., FINSBURY, LONDON, E. C., ENG. 
BARKER'S IMPROVED CENTER GRINDING MACHINE. 
Price, $10. NO GAUGES. NO BELT. Every Machine Guaranteed. MANUFACTURED BY WM. BARKER & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. SEND FOR CIRCULAR. 
SIX SPINDLE 
Turret Drills 
SEND FOR CIRCULAR. 
A. D. QUINT, HARTFORD, CONN, 

VERTICAL DRILL PRESSES, 12 to 52 inch swing. Radial Drills, 4 to 10 ft. swing. Boiler Makers' Drills, Bridge and Ship Builders' Drills, Gang Drills, and other Drilling Machinery. Engine Lathes, 12 to 24 in. swing. Send for t. Catalogue. PRENTICE BROS., WORCESTER, MASS. 

1.1.4maiiii1111m1111gommo1111111111111IiII1011111111mmume 

smallest to the largest. WORCESTER, MASS. Jan. 6, 1891. 
WORCESTER, MASS. DEAR SIR :-The two 25 in. Drills purchased of you about one year ago have been in con-stant use, and have al-ways done the work required of them to our entire sati s-a faction. 
51111---AED, 114,4111111 

Yours very truly, Richardson Mfg. Co. 

CZ ot. 
= op 4 0.. el) kl c4 THE CURTIS eq-Pipe Threading td Attac ma 01 -FO LATHES. 11 APNIDPETACRIETAIDIINA MillitinHINERY For nand or 2 Send for Illustrated Power. Catalogu. 
W. D. FORBES & CO., ENGINEERS, HOBOKEN, N. J. 14TH STREET FERRY. 
WE DESIRE TO CONTRACT FOR FINE MACHINE WORK. 
WE MAKE MILLING CUTTERS AND CARRY REGULAR SIZES IN STOCK. 
Maule' s"Skeleion" Pipe Die. What 
/Simply this : The first cost of it to you is less than that of any of, other Pipe-Thread-it ? ing Die. Also this: Before it becomes IA 1 ;,,...,,< >will cut as many perfect threads as dulled from use it le . '112r,'"--"•11.416W.„,„,_ -or" the best Solid as ,i0L4 is dulelx,' ; you claonnd'r thhernowiY trLitc it away and try a new one. - -, ,,„,_j, You simply sharpen it on a ---,'' commongrindstone, and make it _Practically as good as new. And this sharpening pro-cess may be repeated a number of times. Don't it sound like a ;noney-saver ? Ask your jobber to send you Price-List of MAULE' S "SKELETON" PIPE DIE. PANCOAST & MAUI,E, Philadelphia, U. S. A. 
TO OBTAIN AN ACCURATE CARD WITH AN INDICATOR It is necessary to use a perfect method of reducing the motion. This is done by using our 


ALUMINUM REDUCING WHEEL 
Lightest and only Perfect motion made. For circulars and prices address WEBSTER & PERKS TOOL CO., Cor, Spring & Monroe Sts., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. 
t 
REDUCING VALVES, AIR-BRAKE REGULATORS, PUMP PRESSURE REG'AATORS, BALANCED VALVES. MASON REGULATOR COMPANY, Boston. 
r 
.1,% 1". 
4 1.1 (I 4L 
WM! 
N s-111•1 


AND Wallilathal argils 

=   
From the smallest to thelargest. 
WORCESTER, MASS. Jan. 6,1891. Mr. J. E. SNYDER, WORCESTER, MASS. DEAR SIR :-The two 25 in. Drills purchased of you about one year ago have been in con-stant use, and have al-ways done the work required 


hereeeeeeeeeeeeerrrrrrreeeeeeeeeeeeee 

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pg-19-top

THE BUCKEYE AUTOMATIC CUT-OFF ENGINES. 

SLOW SPEED, MEDI L.111 SPEED AND HIGH SPEED LNGINES, Compound and Triple-Expansion Engines. HIGH-PRESSURE BOILERS. • Complete Steam Power Plants of Highest Attain-able Efficiency. Address BUCKEYE ENGINE CO., Salem, 0. Or SALES ACENTS: BUCKEYE ENGINE COMPANY SALES AGENCY, No. 10 Telephone Building, New York City. A. A. HUNTING, John Hancock Bld'g, Boston, Mass. N. W. ROBINSON, 97 Washington St., Chicago, Ill. ROBINSON & CARY COMPANY, St. Paul, Minn. A. L. FISH, No. 61 First St., San Francisco, Cal. A. III MORSE, 511 Commercial Building, St. Louis, Mo. J. M. ARTHUR & CO., Portland, Oregon. KENSINGTON ENGINE WORKS, LIMITED, PHILADELPHIA. Cole Licensees and Manufacturers for New Jersey (South of Trenton) Eastern Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Ilirginiz. 
ALBANY STEAM TRAP CO. ALBANY, N. Y. RETURN Sri AUTOMATIC STEAM TRAPS, IIT SPECIAL 
BOILER FEED PUMPS AND PUMP GOVERNORS.  " OTTO " GAS ENGINE WORKS, SCHLEICHER, SCHUMM & CO., 
STEAM PUMPS AND GOVERNOR COMBINED 
FOR PUMPINC 
HOT CONDENSED MEL Renewable Seat and Disc VALVES_ 
33d and Walnut Sts., PHILADELPHIA. Branch Office, New York Agency, Monroe St., CHICAGO. 18 Vesey St., N. Y. 
THE TWISS IMPROVED AUTOMATIC ENGINE, Manufactured by NELSON W. MISS, 28 Whitney Ave., NEW HAVEN, CONN. (a'New Cylinders put on to old engines, effecting a saving of 25 to 40 per cent. in fuel. Also vertical and marine en. glues. 


.STRONG,WELL BUILTSERVICEABLE STEAM EN= 12 to 100 Horse Power•&bull..... Every Engine Adapted to Heavy, tested under Continuous Work. full load. SUITABLE 
ES 
Guaranteed to consume 25 to 75 per cent. less Gas than any other Gas Engine doing the same work. 
THE STANDARD REVOLUTIONS COUNTER A. B. PITKIN MACHINERY CO. 
Send for Patent Stow Motion. Registers 2,000 Revolutions. 

BOSTON, MASS 
Circular. 
Tubular & Firebo: BOILERS 
on hand for immedi-ate delivery. CHAN DLER & TAYLOR CO. INDIANAPOLIS.IND. 

ENGINES & BOILERS 
Stationary & Semi-Portable. 8 to 25 HORSEPOWER, Eigh in Grade. Low in Price. Send for Pamphlet. 
The W.C.LEFFEL CO. Greenmonnt Ave., Springfield, 0. 

MANUFACTURERS E—WA IC9   OF IMPROVED' 
' STEAM ENGINES 4 G N FULL. E a TT ARKAEENT sF R ❑MPLETE F RLANTS. 

FRICK COMPANY, "' ECLIPSE COWSS ENGINES, 

(Tandem Compound.) 
40 TO 2,000 H. P., ALL STYLEb. Send for Illustrated Catalogue. ALSO BUILDERS OF 
Electric High Speed Engines and Ice-Making and Refrigerating Machinery. 

PHOENIX IRON WORKS CO. 
111111t111,1,1,11,1i111,1ilio, - Horizontal Tubular and Manning Vertical. Boilers. 

WESTON 
HIGH PRESSURE BOILERS COMPLETE POWER PLANTS.. 

AUHT811-1VINECEDE NGINES 
onnommimumin.. 

• MEADVILLE, PA. New York, 15 Cortlandt St Chicago, 418 Chamber of Commerce. Sole Manufacturers of the 110k Church" Automatic Cut-off Lime Male, Tandem Compound, and Triple Expansion, __ �mnmiowuuWwwr 
WESTON ENGINE CO.; PAINTED POST, N. Y. 
REPRESENTATIVES. JULIAN SCHOLL & CO., 126 Liberty St., N. Y. GEO. D. HOFFIIIAN, 82 Lake St., Chicago. H. H. 8C1PLE & CO., 3d & Arch St.., Phila., Pa, 
1G GA I A i S A -0 NGINES LE,TANDEMANDCR055 No other engine lvt,5 a. perfectly bo.liNneed v 1ve. COMPOUNDS 
T1-e engine 31%8,11 not- rum orte revolution slower II' It 1\em fully lott,ded than when running erripty►nd a, reduc-bon of boilerpressure from the greoktest to that neces5b.Yi to do the worK,will not reduce the speed of engine one r'evoilltion..Arky engine ft,iling to meet this guarantee 

becomes the property of the purchaser upon. pes.y-rnerst of one dollar.- Send for CeNtes.locue. 141 Liberty St. 144 k. J. H .PIc EWEN ivirG.0 Bilm\cl\Offico, 412 Wb.s miStON,Ave.5 .Louis,rto, 1'1DOWAY, PA. 
TAYLOR ENGINE COMPANY 
SINGLE AND COMPOUND 
II !11 1 11:4 
CHAMBERSBURC, PH. 

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

THE STANDARD REVOLUTIONS COUNTER A. B. PITKIN MACHINERY CO. 
PROVIDENCE, R. I Send for 

BOSTON, MASS 
Patent Ston Motion. 
Circular. 
Registers 2,000 Revolutions. Greenmonnt Ave., Springfield, 0. 
.14,1,111:111111iwiiinthwr 
111-1A IN Li L ri OG I Y 

ENGINES 86 BOILERS Stationary .t Semi-Portable. 8 to 25 HORSE-POWER. fligh in Grade. Low in Price. Send for Pamphlet. The W. C. LEFFEL CO. 
CONOVER CONDENSERS. BELT AND STEAM DRIVEN. 
Compound Ctndensing Corliss Engine on Independent Condenser. HANDSOME CATALOCUE FREE. THE CONOVER MFG. CO., 95 Liberty SLILY. 
IF YOU WISH TO OMPAIN 
ry 
BELT 
Kevo u y engine 6.1 mg to me- I becomes the property of the purchaser upon. pa,y-ment- of one dollar• Send for Ceteiloo'ue. I Li mr= 1311\c,k0ificqs, 141 Liberty /New Yi3rk.N.Y LWEN MFG. 0 412 Wbbs indsfoNAve.5 .1..ouis,P1o, NIDOWAY, PA. 


TAYLOR ENGINE COMPANY, 
SINGLE AND COMPOUND 
AUTOMATIC ENGINES. 
BRANCH OFFICES: 165 Washington St., N. Y. I 28 W. Randolph St., Chicag, 46 N. 7th St., Philadelphia. 99 1st Ave., Pittsburgh. 77 Haverhill St., Boston. 179 Race St., Cincinnati. 
Stennti 
Write Postal for copy of our New Book, " How to Obtain Dry Steam." Mailed free. 
THE POND ENGINEERING CO. Offices : ST. I.40-ITIS, CHICAGO, ' KANSAS CITE . 

CHAMBERSBURC, PH. 
WIRE ROPE 

BOOM AND UM PLANTS 
For Coal Mines, &c., a Specialty. OVER 100 NOW RUNNING SUCCESSFULLY. 
Gum-lined Sheaves, Coal Crushers, Narrow Gauge Locomotives. J. & J. B. MILHOLLAND, 240 Fifth Avenue, PITTSBURGH, PA, 

The HOPPES Live-Steam Feei-Water Purifier, 
Guaranteed to Prevent Scale in Boilers. Using any kind of water. Hard Sheet Steel Troughs. Easily Cleaned. HOPPES MANUFACTURING CO., Send for Catalogue D. SPRINGFIELD, OHIO. 
WARLES 7SAilRRAY-' ENGRAVER ON WIII:3117 SS 'ANN' Nm*-Y761:zic-

THE 
LACKAWANNA GREASE CUP 
Has a wide reputation as the CLEANEST, MOST EFFECT-IVE and MOST ECONOMICAL device on the market for the lubrication of machinery bear-ings. Liberal Discount to the Trade. 
MANUFACTURED BY  tackawana Lubricating Co., SCRANTON, PA. 
ENGINE CAS'NGS  1 AND 2 HORSE POWER High Speed, Upright, Horizontal, Marine. ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET FREE. A. L. WEED & CO., 106-108 Liberty St., N. Y. 
ROCK DRILLS AND AIR COMPRESSORS. 111K• 
AIR COMPRESSORS WITH COMPOUND AIR CYLINDERS, AND COMPOUND STEAM CYL-INDERS WITH MEYER OR COR. LISS VALVES. RAND DRILL CO., 23 Park Place, NEW YORK, U. S. A. BRANCH OFFICES Monadnock Building, Chicago ; Ishpeming, Mich.; 131618th St. Denver ; Sher-brooke, P. Q. Canada ; Apartado 830, Mexico City. 
ENGINEERING CO NICETOWN. PHILA. 49 DEY ST.. NEW YORK. 
Elevators, Conveyors, Manila Rope Power Transmission Machinery, Ewart Detachable Link Belting, Dodge Chain, Howe Chain, etc. Western Connection, Link-Belt Machinery Co., Chicago, Ill. 

PATENT OILERS CYLINDER SIG HT FEED CUPS. Government Regulation 12° (31:' SAFETY For Stationary, Marine and Locomotive Boilers. 
J. E. LONERGAN & CO 
BRASS FOUNDERS AND • FINISHERS, •9 211 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. CATALOCUE FREE ON APPLICATION. 

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 AMERICAN MACHINIST    MAY 8, 1886---pg-20---

BROWN I SHARPE MFG. CO LIADVIDDISTCU, R. I. 

IN STOCK, NEW SIZES OF MILLING CUT 
  c,   The PRATT & WHITNEY CO., Harfford,-Conn. 
DROP HAMMERS, Punching and r....inuning Presses, Forging and Trimming Dies. Die-Sinking Machines, Hand Bolt Heading Machines. ROLL GROOVING MACHINES FOR FLOUR MILL USE. Spiral Shear Punches, Solid Adjustable and Opening Die 

AND END MILLS.Complete List of STOCK CUTTERS. 784 Kinds and Sizes Mailed on Application. 
MACHINE TOOLS ON EXHIBITION AT 
23 South Canal St., CHICAGO, ILL. S. A. SMITH, Western Representative. 
NILES TOOL WORKS, 13.AIVII311_41rOINT, OHIO. 
MACHINE TOOLS. SCREW MACHINES. For making all kinds of Set Screws, Tap Screws and Studs. W.411 do the work of three or four small lathes and turn it out in better shape. Send for spe-cial catalogue fully describing machines and illustrating sam-ples of work done. kinds equipped complete. Corre-
No. 3 SCREW 
MACHINE. Machine Shops of spondence solicited. NEW YORK, 
136 &.138 LIBERTY ST. CHICAGO, PHENIX BLDG. 
PITTSBURGH, LEWIS BLOCK. INCREASED SALES 
Show that our customers appreciate the value of improvements made in JENKINS PACKING. It can be used again and again. Does not ROT or BURN out. Have you tried it recently ? If not, DO SO I Look for " Trade Mark." JENKINS BROS., New York Philadelphia, Boston and Chicago. 
Description and Prices Furnished on Application. 

BILLINGS' PATENT COMMUTATOR BARS 
FOR GENERATORS AND MOTORS Drop-Forged from One Piece of Unalloyed ,pper° 
THE BILLINGS & SPENCER CO., 
Hartford, Corm. 
WARNER & SWASEY, THE ETIOPOLITAN AUTOMATIC MOTOR CLEVELAND,   • lu OHIO. 

OPERATED Entirely I by One Handle.  OMER For IRON and  BRASS WORK. Illustrated Catalogue on application. and Prices furnished      The Most Successful Injector Made. ANYONE CAN OPERATE THEM. 

Every engineer can repair the injector without 4:4 sending it to the manufacturers. Carried in stock by the Largest Supply Houses in the U. S. Western Agent, CRANE CO., CHICAGO. JENKINS BROS., New York, Southern Agents. &) The Hayden & Derby Mfg. Co.,SOLE MANUFACTURERS, NO. 111 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK. 

hereeeeeeeeeeeeerrrrrrreeeeeeeeeeeeee 

BROWN I SHARPE MFG. CO LIADVIDDISTCU, R. I. IN STOCK, NEW SIZES OF MILLING CUT 
    The PRATT & WHITNEY CO., Harfford,-Conn. 
DROP HAmmers, Punching and r....inuning Presses, Forging and Trimming Dies. Die-Sinking Machines, Hand Bolt Heading Machines. ROLL GROOVING MACHINES FOR FLOUR MILL USE. Spiral Shear Punches, Solid Adjustable and Opening Die Bolt Cutters. 

AND END MILLS.Complete List of STOCK CUTTERS. 784 Kinds and Sizes Mailed on Application. MACHINE TOOLS ON EXHIBITION AT 23 South Canal St., CHICAGO, ILL. S. A. SMITH, Western Representative. 
NILES TOOL WORKS, 13.AIVII311_41rOINT, OHIO. 
MACHINE TOOLS. SCREW MACHINES. For making all kinds of Set Screws, Tap Screws and Studs. W.411 do the work of three or four small lathes and turn it out in better shape. Send for spe-cial catalogue fully describing machines and illustrating sam-ples of work done. kinds equipped complete. Corre-


No. 3 SCREW MACHINE.      Machine Shops of spondence solicited. NEW YORK, 
136 &.138 LIBERTY ST. CHICAGO, PHENIX BLDG. PITTSBURGH, LEWIS BLOCK. INCREASED SALES 
Show that our customers appreciate the value of improvements made in JENKINS PACKING. It can be used again and again. Does not ROT or BURN out. Have you tried it recently ? If not, DO SO I Look for " Trade Mark." JENKINS BROS., New York Philadelphia, Boston and Chicago. Description and Prices Furnished on Application. 

BILLINGS' PATENT COMMUTATOR BARS FOR GENERATORS AND MOTORS Drop-Forged from One Piece of Unalloyed  
THE BILLINGS & SPENCER CO., 
Hartford, Corm. 
WARNER & SWASEY, THE ETIOPOLITAN AUTOMATIC MOTOR 
 Tr: mi CLEVELAND,   • lu OHIO. 


OPERATED Entirely I by One Handle. 
For IRON and  BRASS WORE. Illustrated Catalogue on application. 

z z 0 0 If) 
and Prices furnished 
OVERFLO 
The Most Successful Injector Made. ANYONE CAN OPERATE THEM. 


Every engineer can repair the injector without 4:4 sending it to the manufacturers. Carried in stock by the Largest Supply Houses in the U. S. Western Agent, CRANE CO., CHICAGO. JENKINS BROS., New York, Southern Agents. &) The Hayden & Derby Mfg. Co., • 

SOLE MANUFACTURERS, NO. 111 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK. 
 

********************************************************************************************
Let's Go... Jan 1922
LET'S GO AMERICAN MACHINIST-Section Vol. 56, No. 1-Jan 5-1922
LET'S START RIGHT NOW!
.

LET'S START RIGHT NOW
to do those things necessary to bring conditions back to normal. We've faced business stag- nation long
enough now to know what it means; so let's go- let's get started on the right track again. This business de-
depression will last just as long as the people of this country sit back and wait for something to
happen-we've got to make things happen.
We can accomplish nothing by waiting for the other fellow to start something-the chances are he is sitting
back waiting for us. We've simply got to realize that it is up to everyone to do his share, and there never
was a better time than right now to start the ball a'rolling.
Then there is another and probably a much more threatening angle to the situation. The period of
prosperity just passed has witnessed a tremendous over-expansion in practically every industry, not only
in this country, but throughout the entire civilized world. `As a consequence, today, and likely for many
years to come, the facilities for production will be greater than the powers of absorption-which means the
keenest kind of competition and the weeding out of the less stable and less progressive concerns in
each industry. Business houses today are fighting for their very existence, and those who survive will be
the ones that start now to reduce their costs and better their methods, in order to meet the keenest
competition on a fair basis. ~
How should we begin? Where should we start?


If every manufacturer in the metal working industry would start by putting his own house in order, by
replacing his old worn'-out tools with new and better machines, by weeding out bis obsolete equipment,
and installing more modern, more profitable equipment in its place, the first thing you know, we would
have better business, things would begin to move again, and industry once more would "hit the trailof
progress. We, The American Tool Works Company, have already started. Since Jan. 1921, we have weeded
out of our own plant, eighty-three machines of different kinds, and are now replacing them with the latest
and most modern tools. By this we have provided business for the foundries, orders for the steel mills,
and work for a number of men-in other words, we have gone into action in our own plant.
If you will do the same in yours, the other fellow the same in his, and so on, ad infinitum, this country
would soon forget that there was a business depression, a readjustment period or a deflation spasm. It is
up to every one of us to put our shoulder to the wheel, so let's go-a slang expression -yes-but chuck full
of meaning and good advice.

The American Tool Works Co.
Cinncinatti, Ohio, U. S. A.
LATHES PLANERS--SHAPERS RADIALS

This is the 6rst of a series of cost reducing advertisements. The president of every metal Fabricatz.ng
plant in this country should read each and every one oF these advertisements, and then refer them to
his manager CO or superintendent.